Intratumoral heterogeneity and drug resistance in cancer.

Intratumoral heterogeneity is the main cause of tumor treatment failure, varying across disease sites (spatial heterogeneity) and polyclonal properties of tumors that evolve over time (temporal heterogeneity). As our understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity, the formation of which is mainly related to the genomic instability, epigenetic modifications, plastic gene expression, and different microenvironments, plays a substantial role in drug-resistant as far as tumor metastasis and recurrence. Understanding the role of intratumoral heterogeneity, it becomes clear that a single therapeutic agent or regimen may only be effective for subsets of cells with certain features, but not for others. This necessitates a shift from our current, unchanging treatment approach to one that is tailored against the killing patterns of cancer cells in different clones. In this review, we discuss recent evidence concerning global perturbations of intratumoral heterogeneity, associations of specific intratumoral heterogeneity in lung cancer, the underlying mechanisms of intratumoral heterogeneity potentially leading to formation, and how it drives drug resistance. Our findings highlight the most up-to-date progress in intratumoral heterogeneity and its role in mediating tumor drug resistance, which could support the development of future treatment strategies.