Ali Zeeshan, Sher Nadia, Muhammad Ijaz, Nayab Gul E, Alouffi Abdulaziz, Almutairi Mashal M, Khan Ijaz, Ali Abid
State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Hainan University, China.
Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Toxicol Rep. 2025 Feb 28;14:101972. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101972. eCollection 2025 Jun.
An aquatic environment polluted with cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) has threatened fish health and adversely affected the aquaculture industry's sustainable development. The study revealed that exposure to Cd and Cu caused significant bioaccumulation in goldfish tissues, particularly in gills, intestine, and muscles. The bioaccumulation of these heavy metals increased with exposure time, with the highest levels recorded after 96 hours. This prolonged exposure led to a range of adverse effects on the fish's physiological functions. Hematological parameters, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, decreased significantly, indicating a compromised immune system. Conversely, some hematological parameters, such as hemoglobin and hematocrit, increased with exposure, suggesting a potential compensatory response. Biochemical parameters, including serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, blood urea, and serum triglycerides, also increased with exposure, indicating liver damage and disrupted metabolic functions. Furthermore, the study found that antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbic acid, decreased significantly, while malondialdehyde concentration increased, indicating oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. These findings collectively suggest that Cd and Cu exposure can cause significant toxicity in goldfish, affecting their hematological, biochemical, and enzymatic functions, and highlighting the need for further research into the effects of these heavy metals on aquatic organisms.
受镉（Cd）和铜（Cu）污染的水生环境威胁着鱼类健康，并对水产养殖业的可持续发展产生了不利影响。研究表明，金鱼接触Cd和Cu后，其组织中出现了显著的生物累积现象，尤其是在鳃、肠道和肌肉中。这些重金属的生物累积量随接触时间增加，在96小时后达到最高水平。这种长时间的接触对鱼类的生理功能产生了一系列不利影响。包括白细胞、红细胞和血小板在内的血液学参数显著下降，表明免疫系统受到损害。相反，一些血液学参数，如血红蛋白和血细胞比容，随着接触时间的增加而升高，这表明可能存在代偿性反应。包括血清谷丙转氨酶、血尿素和血清甘油三酯在内的生化参数也随着接触时间的增加而升高，表明肝脏受损且代谢功能紊乱。此外，研究发现，包括超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸在内的抗氧化酶显著减少，而丙二醛浓度增加，这表明存在氧化应激和脂质过氧化现象。这些研究结果共同表明，接触Cd和Cu会对金鱼造成显著毒性，影响其血液学、生化和酶功能，并凸显了进一步研究这些重金属对水生生物影响的必要性。
