Rehman Ghani Ur, Daud Ali, Aboulola Omar Ibrahim, Alshemaimri Bader, Alsini Raed, Khan Sajid Ullah
Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, Pakistan.
Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
PLoS One. 2025 Mar 25;20(3):e0317107. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317107. eCollection 2025.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is facilitating the connection, identification, sensing, and analysis capabilities of digital devices; enabling them to perform tasks over the internet. Among various IoT applications, Vehicle Delay-Tolerant Networks (VDTNs) stand out, particularly in densely populated cities and rural areas with poor connectivity, where frequent network partitioning, unpredictable connections, and significant delays are common due to node selfishness. Where VDTNs offer promising solutions for such environments, they face challenges like congestion and selfish behavior due to big data traffic and limited resources. Existing systems aiming to mitigate selfishness often exacerbate congestion issues, necessitating a solution to address both concerns effectively. This article proposes the Congestion Aware Payment and Punishment Scheme (CAPPS) to address this issue. It incentivizes cooperation among vehicles and discourages selfish behavior by monitoring nodes. It achieves this by punishing nodes that intentionally discard messages and rewarding those successfully forwarding them. Additionally, CAPPS employs a load-sharing scheme to efficiently manage congestion, routing messages to less congested nodes instead of dropping them. The simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed approach over existing schemes, demonstrating enhanced performance. It improved the packet delivery ratio by around 24%, delivery delay by about 15%, and energy consumption by roughly 13%.
物联网（IoT）正在促进数字设备的连接、识别、传感和分析能力，使它们能够通过互联网执行任务。在各种物联网应用中，车辆延迟容忍网络（VDTN）脱颖而出，特别是在人口密集的城市和连接性较差的农村地区，由于节点自私，频繁的网络分区、不可预测的连接和显著的延迟很常见。虽然VDTN为这类环境提供了有前景的解决方案，但由于大数据流量和资源有限，它们面临拥塞和自私行为等挑战。旨在减轻自私行为的现有系统往往会加剧拥塞问题，因此需要一种能够有效解决这两个问题的方案。本文提出了拥塞感知支付与惩罚方案（CAPPS）来解决这个问题。它通过监控节点来激励车辆之间的合作并抑制自私行为。它通过惩罚故意丢弃消息的节点并奖励成功转发消息的节点来实现这一点。此外，CAPPS采用负载分担方案来有效管理拥塞，将消息路由到拥塞程度较低的节点而不是丢弃它们。仿真结果表明，所提出的方法比现有方案更有效，性能得到了提升。它将数据包交付率提高了约24%，交付延迟降低了约15%，能耗降低了约13%。
