Cabała Sandra, Herosimczyk Agnieszka
Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Klemensa Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland.
Metabolites. 2025 Mar 20;15(3):211. doi: 10.3390/metabo15030211.
Diet is a key modifiable factor that can either support renal health or accelerate the onset and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent advances in multiomics, particularly proteomics and metabolomics, significantly enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking diet to CKD risk. Proteomics offers a comprehensive analysis of protein expression, structure, and interactions, revealing how dietary components regulate cellular processes and signaling pathways. Meanwhile, metabolomics provides a detailed profile of low-molecular-weight compounds, including endogenous metabolites and diet-derived molecules, offering insights into the metabolic states that influence kidney function. We have conducted a narrative review of key papers from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to explore the potential of proteomic and metabolomic analysis in identifying molecular signatures associated with diet in human and animal biological samples, such as blood plasma, urine, and in kidney tissues. These signatures help elucidate how specific foods, food groups, and overall dietary patterns may either contribute to or mitigate CKD risk. Recent studies the impact of high-fat diets on protein expression involved in energy metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis, identifying early biomarkers of kidney injury. Metabolic, including disruptions in in fatty acid metabolism, glucose regulation, and amino acid pathways, have been recognized as key indicators of CKD risk. Additionally, several studies explore specific metabolites found in biological fluids and renal tissue in response to protein-rich foods, assessing their potential roles in a progressive loss of kidney function. Emerging evidence also suggests that dietary interventions targeting the gut microbiota may help alleviate inflammation, oxidative stress, and toxin accumulation in chronic kidney disease. Notably, recent findings highlight metabolomic signatures linked to beneficial shifts in gut microbial metabolism, particularly in the context of prebiotic supplementation. By integrating proteomics and metabolomics, future research can refine precision nutrition strategies, helping mitigate CKD progression. Expanding large-scale studies and clinical trials will be essential in translating these molecular insights into actionable dietary guidelines.
饮食是一个关键的可改变因素，它既可以支持肾脏健康，也可以加速慢性肾脏病（CKD）的发病和进展。多组学，特别是蛋白质组学和代谢组学的最新进展，显著增强了我们对饮食与CKD风险之间分子机制的理解。蛋白质组学提供了对蛋白质表达、结构和相互作用的全面分析，揭示了饮食成分如何调节细胞过程和信号通路。同时，代谢组学提供了低分子量化合物的详细概况，包括内源性代谢物和饮食衍生分子，深入了解影响肾功能的代谢状态。我们对来自PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science等数据库的关键论文进行了叙述性综述，以探索蛋白质组学和代谢组学分析在识别与人类和动物生物样本（如血浆、尿液和肾脏组织）中的饮食相关的分子特征方面的潜力。这些特征有助于阐明特定食物、食物组和整体饮食模式如何可能导致或减轻CKD风险。最近的研究探讨了高脂肪饮食对参与能量代谢、炎症和纤维化的蛋白质表达的影响，确定了肾脏损伤的早期生物标志物。代谢变化，包括脂肪酸代谢、葡萄糖调节和氨基酸途径的破坏，已被认为是CKD风险的关键指标。此外，几项研究探索了生物体液和肾脏组织中因富含蛋白质的食物而产生的特定代谢物，评估了它们在肾功能逐渐丧失中的潜在作用。新出现的证据还表明，针对肠道微生物群的饮食干预可能有助于减轻慢性肾脏病中的炎症、氧化应激和毒素积累。值得注意的是，最近的研究结果突出了与肠道微生物代谢有益变化相关的代谢组学特征，特别是在益生元补充的情况下。通过整合蛋白质组学和代谢组学，未来的研究可以完善精准营养策略，有助于减轻CKD的进展。扩大大规模研究和临床试验对于将这些分子见解转化为可行的饮食指南至关重要。
