The Potential Impact of Antibiotic Exposure on the Microbiome and Human Health.

Antibiotics are a cornerstone of modern medicine, saving countless lives. However, their widespread use presents two major challenges. First, antibiotic-induced changes in the microbiome can disrupt immune function, increasing the susceptibility to diseases associated with these alterations. Second, prolonged antibiotic use fosters the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes, leading to the emergence of resistant strains and threatening our ability to control infections. These challenges highlight an urgent global health crisis, necessitating in-depth investigation into the multifaceted effects of antibiotic exposure on microbiome dynamics and human health. In this review, we explore the potential effects of antibiotic exposure on the microbiome and its implications for overall health. Additionally, we examine the role of emerging technologies in addressing these challenges and in shaping future antibiotic development. Our goal is to provide insights that will inform more effective public health strategies and interventions aimed at mitigating the adverse consequences of antibiotic use, restoring microbial balance, and improving overall health outcomes.