Hetta Helal F, Melhem Tameem, Aljohani Hashim M, Salama Ayman, Ahmed Rehab, Elfadil Hassabelrasoul, Alanazi Fawaz E, Ramadan Yasmin N, Battah Basem, Rottura Michelangelo, Donadu Matthew Gavino
Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025 Mar 4;18(3):364. doi: 10.3390/ph18030364.
The rising burden of fungal infections presents a significant challenge to global healthcare, particularly with increasing antifungal resistance limiting treatment efficacy. Early detection and timely intervention remain critical, yet fungal pathogens employ diverse mechanisms to evade host immunity and develop resistance, undermining existing therapeutic options. Limited antifungal options and rising resistance necessitate novel treatment strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of conventional antifungal agents, their mechanisms of action, and emerging resistance pathways. Furthermore, it highlights recently approved and investigational antifungal compounds while evaluating innovative approaches such as nanotechnology, drug repurposing, and immunotherapy. Addressing antifungal resistance requires a multifaceted strategy that integrates novel therapeutics, enhanced diagnostic tools, and future research efforts to develop sustainable and effective treatment solutions.
真菌感染负担的不断增加给全球医疗保健带来了重大挑战，尤其是随着抗真菌耐药性的增加限制了治疗效果。早期检测和及时干预仍然至关重要，然而真菌病原体采用多种机制来逃避宿主免疫并产生耐药性，从而削弱了现有的治疗选择。抗真菌选择有限和耐药性不断上升使得需要新的治疗策略。本综述全面概述了传统抗真菌药物、它们的作用机制以及新出现的耐药途径。此外，它还重点介绍了最近获批和正在研究的抗真菌化合物，同时评估了纳米技术、药物再利用和免疫疗法等创新方法。应对抗真菌耐药性需要一种多方面的策略，该策略整合了新型疗法、增强的诊断工具以及未来的研究工作，以开发可持续且有效的治疗方案。
