Apostol Alina Elena, Turner Kellie, Hoshi Rosa, Pudduck Aimee
School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, St Cadocs Hospital, Newport, UK.
Clin Psychol Psychother. 2025 Mar-Apr;32(2):e70068. doi: 10.1002/cpp.70068.
Research on supervisee disclosure in clinical supervision has predominantly focused on supervisees' tendency to withhold important information (e.g., negative feelings, perceived power differentials, clinical mistakes, personal issues and countertransference), highlighting a significant gap in understanding the factors that influence supervisees' self-disclosure. Self-disclosure, which is considered essential for supervisors to provide personalised feedback and tailored guidance, plays a critical role in effective supervision but remains underexplored in terms of its facilitators and barriers. This study addresses this gap by systematically exploring the contributory factors affecting supervisee self-disclosure within the context of clinical supervision. Using the principles of meta-ethnography, this systematic review synthesised findings from eight qualitative studies involving 180 participants (the sample ranging from 3 to 110). Through a thorough process of data extraction, translation, and synthesis, a conceptual framework was developed, positioning self-disclosure as a dynamic process shaped by the interplay between supervisory dynamics, contextual factors, and supervisees' internal experiences. Key factors influencing self-disclosure included the quality of the supervisory relationship, supervisees' perception of supervisors' personal characteristics, the emotional impact of self-disclosure on supervisees and power differentials. These findings highlight the relational and systemic factors shaping supervisee self-disclosure. Implications include strategies to improve supervisory relationships, reduce power imbalances and foster supportive environments. The study informs future research, enhances supervisory practice and guides training programmes to improve clinical supervision effectiveness.
临床督导中关于被督导者自我表露的研究主要集中在被督导者隐瞒重要信息的倾向（例如，负面情绪、感知到的权力差异、临床失误、个人问题和反移情）上，这凸显了在理解影响被督导者自我表露的因素方面存在重大差距。自我表露被认为是督导者提供个性化反馈和量身定制指导的关键，在有效督导中起着至关重要的作用，但在其促进因素和障碍方面仍未得到充分探索。本研究通过系统地探索临床督导背景下影响被督导者自我表露的促成因素来填补这一差距。运用元民族志原则，本系统综述综合了八项定性研究的结果，这些研究涉及180名参与者（样本范围从3人到110人）。通过全面的数据提取、翻译和综合过程，构建了一个概念框架，将自我表露定位为由督导动态、情境因素和被督导者内部体验之间的相互作用所塑造的动态过程。影响自我表露的关键因素包括督导关系的质量、被督导者对督导者个人特征的看法、自我表露对被督导者的情感影响以及权力差异。这些发现凸显了塑造被督导者自我表露的关系性和系统性因素。其启示包括改善督导关系、减少权力不平衡和营造支持性环境的策略。该研究为未来研究提供了信息，增强了督导实践，并指导培训项目以提高临床督导的有效性。
