Grøntved Simon, Hald Kathrine, Mohr-Jensen Christina, Johnsen Søren Paaske, Mainz Jan, Valentin Jan Brink
Psychiatry, The North Denmark Region, Aalborg, Denmark.
Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2025 Mar 27;152(1):27-38. doi: 10.1111/acps.13804.
Rises in prevalence and incidence of the neurodevelopmental disorder Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been reported globally and estimated in Denmark previously. Nevertheless, differences in methodology hinder an assessment of the temporal evolution of ADHD based on published literature. The aim of this study was to consistently calculate the yearly prevalence and incidence proportions of ADHD and the use of ADHD medication in Denmark from 2000 to 2022.
We conducted an open cohort study using register data covering the entire Danish population. We defined ADHD as either having a hospital diagnosis of ADHD (ICD-10: F90.0, F90.1, F90.8, or F98.8), or having redeemed a prescription for ADHD medication.
Of the included 7,748,837 persons, 2.52% had ADHD, of whom 58.33% were males. The prevalence of ADHD has increased from 0.10% in 2000 to 3.03% in 2022. Specifically for the 18-27-year-olds, the prevalence was 8.16% for males and 6.12% for females in the year 2022. For the incidence, the same age group peaked within the females in 2022 at 1.10%, whereas the male incidence was consistently highest in the 6-18-year-olds, peaking in 2022 at 0.94%. Total use of ADHD medication in the population also increased. Methylphenidate was used by 97.58% of the ADHD medicated patients in 2000 and 70.60% in 2022. Lisdexamphetamine was the second most common in 2022, where 24.03% redeemed a prescription.
Incidence and prevalence were calculated specifically for the Danish population and may not be directly generalizable to other countries.
The prevalence of ADHD has consistently increased throughout the past two decades. The main contribution to this increase is the ADHD incidence in females, especially young females in the most recent years 2020-2022. Methylphenidate was consistently the most common ADHD drug prescribed, though lisdexamphetamine use has increased in recent years.
全球范围内均有报道神经发育障碍注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的患病率和发病率有所上升，丹麦此前也进行过相关估算。然而，方法上的差异阻碍了基于已发表文献对ADHD时间演变的评估。本研究的目的是连贯地计算2000年至2022年丹麦ADHD的年患病率和发病率比例以及ADHD药物的使用情况。
我们使用涵盖丹麦全体人口的登记数据进行了一项开放队列研究。我们将ADHD定义为要么有医院诊断的ADHD（国际疾病分类第十版：F90.0、F90.1、F90.8或F98.8），要么有ADHD药物的处方兑换记录。
在纳入的7,748,837人中，2.52%患有ADHD，其中58.33%为男性。ADHD的患病率已从2000年的0.10%增至2022年的3.03%。具体到18至27岁人群，2022年男性患病率为8.16%，女性为6.12%。在发病率方面，同一年龄组中女性在2022年达到峰值，为1.10%，而男性发病率在6至18岁人群中始终最高，2022年达到峰值，为0.94%。人群中ADHD药物的总使用量也有所增加。2000年，97.58%的ADHD用药患者使用哌甲酯，2022年这一比例为70.60%。赖右苯丙胺在2022年是第二常用药物，有24.03%的人兑换了其处方。
发病率和患病率是专门针对丹麦人口计算的，可能无法直接推广到其他国家。
在过去二十年中，ADHD的患病率持续上升。这一增长的主要贡献在于女性的ADHD发病率，尤其是在2020 - 2022年最近几年的年轻女性中。哌甲酯一直是最常用的ADHD处方药，不过近年来赖右苯丙胺的使用有所增加。
