Rodrigues Marcio L, Janbon Guilhem, O'Connell Richard J, Chu Thi-Thu-Huyen, May Robin C, Jin Hailing, Reis Flavia C G, Alves Lysangela R, Puccia Rosana, Fill Taicia P, Rizzo Juliana, Zamith-Miranda Daniel, Miranda Kildare, Gonçalves Teresa, Ene Iuliana V, Kabani Mehdi, Anderson Marilyn, Gow Neil A R, Andes David R, Casadevall Arturo, Nosanchuk Joshua D, Nimrichter Leonardo
Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil.
Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Nat Microbiol. 2025 Apr;10(4):825-835. doi: 10.1038/s41564-025-01962-4. Epub 2025 Mar 27.
Since their discovery in 2007, there has been growing awareness of the importance of fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) for fungal physiology, host-pathogen interactions and virulence. Fungal EVs are nanostructures comprising bilayered membranes and molecules of various types that participate in several pathophysiological processes in fungal biology, including secretion, cellular communication, immunopathogenesis and drug resistance. However, many questions remain regarding the classification of EVs, their cellular origin, passage across the cell wall, experimental models for functional and compositional analyses, production in vitro and in vivo and biomarkers for EVs. Here, we discuss gaps in the literature of fungal EVs and identify key questions for the field. We present the history of fungal EV discovery, discuss five major unanswered questions in fungal EV biology and provide future perspectives for fungal EV research. We primarily focus our discussion on human fungal pathogens, but also extend it to include knowledge of other fungi, such as plant pathogens. With this Perspective we hope to stimulate new approaches and expand studies to understand the biology of fungal EVs.
自2007年被发现以来，人们越来越意识到真菌细胞外囊泡（EVs）在真菌生理学、宿主-病原体相互作用和毒力方面的重要性。真菌EVs是由双层膜和各种类型分子组成的纳米结构，参与真菌生物学中的几个病理生理过程，包括分泌、细胞通讯、免疫发病机制和耐药性。然而，关于EVs的分类、其细胞起源、穿过细胞壁的过程、功能和成分分析的实验模型、体外和体内生产以及EVs的生物标志物等，仍有许多问题。在此，我们讨论真菌EVs文献中的空白，并确定该领域的关键问题。我们介绍真菌EVs的发现历史，讨论真菌EV生物学中五个主要未解决的问题，并为真菌EV研究提供未来展望。我们的讨论主要集中在人类真菌病原体上，但也将其扩展到包括其他真菌的知识，如植物病原体。通过这一观点，我们希望激发新的方法并扩大研究，以了解真菌EVs的生物学。
