Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2019;422:45-59. doi: 10.1007/82_2018_141.
The comprehension of fungal biology is important for several reasons. Besides being used in biotechnological processes and in the food industry, fungi are also important animal and vegetal pathogens. Fungal diseases in humans have a great importance worldwide, and understanding fungal biology is crucial for treatment and prevention of these diseases, especially because of emerging antifungal resistance that poses great epidemiological risks. Communication through extracellular vesicles is a ubiquitous mechanism of molecule transfer between cells and is used to transport proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biologically active molecules. Several pathogens can produce and transfer extracellular vesicles, and the importance of this pathway in fungal communication with hosts and between fungal cells has been described for several species in the last years, as shown for Saccharomyces cereviseae, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Paracoccidioides braziliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, Candida parapsilosis, Malassezia sympodialis, Histoplasma capsulatum, among others. In this chapter, we review the role of extracellular vesicles in fungal communication, interaction with hosts and with the environment, and also highlighting important molecules found in fungal EVs.
真菌生物学的理解具有重要意义。真菌不仅用于生物技术过程和食品工业，还是重要的动植物病原体。人类的真菌感染在全球范围内具有重要意义，理解真菌生物学对于这些疾病的治疗和预防至关重要，尤其是因为新兴的抗真菌耐药性带来了巨大的流行病学风险。通过细胞外囊泡进行通讯是细胞间分子转移的普遍机制，用于运输蛋白质、核酸、脂质和其他生物活性分子。几种病原体可以产生和转移细胞外囊泡，近年来已经描述了该途径在真菌与宿主之间以及真菌细胞之间的通讯中的重要性，例如酿酒酵母、新生隐球菌、白色念珠菌、巴西副球孢子菌、申克孢子丝菌、近平滑念珠菌、共生马拉色菌、荚膜组织胞浆菌等。在本章中，我们综述了细胞外囊泡在真菌通讯、与宿主和环境相互作用中的作用，并强调了真菌 EV 中发现的重要分子。
