Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil.
Mol Immunol. 2021 Jul;135:137-146. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.009. Epub 2021 Apr 22.
Early compositional studies of fungal EVs revealed a complex combination of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, glycans, polysaccharides, nucleic acid and pigments, indicating that these compartments could be involved with multiple functions. Curiously, some of the activities attributed to fungal EVs were already attested experimentally and are implicated with contrasting effects in vitro and in vivo. For instance, the presence of virulence factors is correlated with increased pathogenic potential. Indeed, the administration to hosts of EVs along with some fungal pathogens seems to help the disease development. However, it has been clearly shown that immunization of insects and mice with fungal EVs can protect these animals against a subsequent infection. Fungal EVs not only influence the host response, as concluded from the observation that these compartments also work as messengers between fungal organisms. In this context, despite their size characterization, other physical properties of EVs are poorly known. For instance, their stability and half-life under physiological conditions can be a crucial parameter determining their long-distance effects. In this review, we will discuss the paradoxical and still unexploited functions and properties of fungal EVs that could be determinant for their biological functions.
早期真菌细胞外囊泡的组成研究揭示了生物分子的复杂组合，包括蛋白质、脂类、糖、多糖、核酸和色素，表明这些隔室可能参与多种功能。奇怪的是，一些归因于真菌 EVs 的活性已经在实验中得到证实，并在体外和体内表现出相反的效果。例如，毒力因子的存在与致病性的增加有关。事实上，一些真菌病原体的 EVs 的给药似乎有助于疾病的发展。然而，已经清楚地表明，用真菌 EVs 对昆虫和小鼠进行免疫接种可以保护这些动物免受随后的感染。真菌 EVs 不仅影响宿主的反应，正如从这些隔室还作为真菌生物之间的信使这一观察结果中得出的结论。在这方面，尽管它们的大小特征已知，但 EVs 的其他物理性质知之甚少。例如，它们在生理条件下的稳定性和半衰期可能是决定其长距离效应的关键参数。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论真菌 EVs 的矛盾和尚未开发的功能和特性，这些功能和特性可能对它们的生物学功能起决定性作用。
