Wang Yuying, Zhao Yuan, Hu Luming, Zhang Xuemin
Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
Children (Basel). 2025 Feb 27;12(3):303. doi: 10.3390/children12030303.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms can significantly impact academic performance, social interactions, and daily activities, often creating cycles that worsen long-term challenges. This review introduces the (MDFM), which aids in understanding ADHD's development and guiding intervention strategies. The model emphasizes the dynamic interactions among genetic, environmental, cognitive, and behavioral factors. The MDFM consists of three key aspects: (1) the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in shaping ADHD's biological basis, (2) the role of cognitive and neural processes in driving core symptoms, and (3) the influence of behavioral feedback loops that reinforce negative behaviors and hinder adaptation. The model highlights the importance of personalized interventions and effective feedback systems, including early prevention, supportive family and school environments, and the impact of social and cultural backgrounds on treatment outcomes. As a comprehensive framework, the MDFM offers a holistic perspective for clinicians, aiming to enhance long-term outcomes and promote the health and well-being of individuals with ADHD across the lifespan. By addressing implementation challenges, the model seeks to improve ADHD prevention and management, ultimately supporting individuals and their communities.
注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）是一种常见的神经发育障碍，其特征为持续的注意力不集中、多动和冲动。这些症状会对学业成绩、社交互动和日常活动产生重大影响，常常形成恶性循环，使长期挑战恶化。本综述介绍了多维度框架模型（MDFM），该模型有助于理解ADHD的发展并指导干预策略。该模型强调遗传、环境、认知和行为因素之间的动态相互作用。MDFM包括三个关键方面：（1）遗传和环境因素在塑造ADHD生物学基础中的相互作用；（2）认知和神经过程在驱动核心症状方面的作用；（3）强化负面行为并阻碍适应的行为反馈回路的影响。该模型强调个性化干预和有效反馈系统的重要性，包括早期预防、支持性的家庭和学校环境，以及社会和文化背景对治疗结果的影响。作为一个综合框架，MDFM为临床医生提供了一个整体视角，旨在改善长期结果，促进ADHD患者一生的健康和福祉。通过应对实施挑战，该模型寻求改善ADHD的预防和管理，最终支持个体及其社区。
