Moskow Diamond Danielle, Curtiss Joshua, Carpenter Joseph K, Ito Masaya, Hofmann Stefan G
Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
BMC Psychiatry. 2025 Apr 1;25(1):312. doi: 10.1186/s12888-025-06488-x.
Many individuals who engage in mindfulness experience decreased anxiety. Yet some individuals, particularly those with panic disorder (PD) or elevated anxiety sensitivity (AS), note heightened anxiety when observing particular sensations. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is one of the most widely utilized mindfulness questionnaires. However, its Observe facet has shown variability in the literature. This study explored a transdiagnostic approach to determine whether specific aspects of the Observe facet of the FFMQ differ in individuals with elevated anxiety sensitivity (AS).
We examined a clinical sample of 1521 Japanese individuals who completed the FFMQ and Anxiety Sensitivity Index 3 (ASI-3). A multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) model approach was adopted utilizing latent variables to examine differential item functioning (DIF) of the Observe facet of the FFMQ, based on PD and/or AS diagnosis. This process was repeated to examine the relationship between the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) subscales and particular items of the Observe facet.
The measurement model revealed good acceptability of a one-factor solution of the Observe facet (χ (20) = 208.73, p < 0.001). PD significantly predicted Observe (B = 0.09, R = 0.06, p = 0.008) and AS significantly predicted Observe (B = 0.02, R = 0.18, p < 0.001). Increased AS was associated with greater scores on observing internal items and lower scores on observing external items. When PD and AS were analyzed simultaneously, only AS remained significant. The cognitive subscale showed the same pattern of results as the total ASI-3 subscale.
The findings of this study reveal that AS, particularly cognitive AS, may modulate the mindfulness experience. The study reveals the importance of understanding where an individual observes and its results may be beneficial for tailoring mindfulness interventions for individuals.
许多进行正念练习的人焦虑感会降低。然而，一些人，尤其是患有惊恐障碍（PD）或焦虑敏感性（AS）较高的人，在觉察特定身体感觉时会出现焦虑加剧的情况。五因素正念问卷（FFMQ）是使用最广泛的正念问卷之一。然而，其“觉察”维度在文献中显示出变异性。本研究探索了一种跨诊断方法，以确定FFMQ“觉察”维度的特定方面在焦虑敏感性（AS）较高的个体中是否存在差异。
我们对1521名完成FFMQ和焦虑敏感性指数3（ASI-3）的日本个体的临床样本进行了研究。采用多指标多原因（MIMIC）模型方法，利用潜在变量来检验基于PD和/或AS诊断的FFMQ“觉察”维度的项目功能差异（DIF）。重复这一过程以检验焦虑敏感性指数-3（ASI-3）分量表与“觉察”维度特定项目之间的关系。
测量模型显示“觉察”维度单因素解决方案具有良好的可接受性（χ(20) = 208.73，p < 0.001）。PD显著预测“觉察”（B = 0.09，R = 0.06，p = 0.008），AS也显著预测“觉察”（B = 0.02，R = 0.18，p < 0.001）。AS增加与内部项目觉察得分更高和外部项目觉察得分更低相关。当同时分析PD和AS时，只有AS仍然显著。认知分量表显示出与ASI-3总分量表相同的结果模式。
本研究结果表明，AS，尤其是认知性AS，可能会调节正念体验。该研究揭示了了解个体觉察位置的重要性，其结果可能有助于为个体量身定制正念干预措施。
