A compact deep learning approach integrating depthwise convolutions and spatial attention for plant disease classification.

Plant leaf diseases significantly threaten agricultural productivity and global food security, emphasizing the importance of early and accurate detection and effective crop health management. Current deep learning models, often used for plant disease classification, have limitations in capturing intricate features such as texture, shape, and color of plant leaves. Furthermore, many of these models are computationally expensive and less suitable for deployment in resource-constrained environments such as farms and rural areas. We propose a novel Lightweight Deep Learning model, Depthwise Separable Convolution with Spatial Attention (LWDSC-SA), designed to address limitations and enhance feature extraction while maintaining computational efficiency. By integrating spatial attention and depthwise separable convolution, the LWDSC-SA model improves the ability to detect and classify plant diseases. In our comprehensive evaluation using the PlantVillage dataset, which consists of 38 classes and 55,000 images from 14 plant species, the LWDSC-SA model achieved 98.7% accuracy. It presents a substantial improvement over MobileNet by 5.25%, MobileNetV2 by 4.50%, AlexNet by 7.40%, and VGGNet16 by 5.95%. Furthermore, to validate its robustness and generalizability, we employed K-fold cross-validation K=5, which demonstrated consistently high performance, with an average accuracy of 98.58%, precision of 98.30%, recall of 98.90%, and F1 score of 98.58%. These results highlight the superior performance of the proposed model, demonstrating its ability to outperform state-of-the-art models in terms of accuracy while remaining lightweight and efficient. This research offers a promising solution for real-world agricultural applications, enabling effective plant disease detection in resource-limited settings and contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices.