Aref Mohamed, Youssef Walaa O M, Abdelbaset-Ismail Ahmed, Salem Gamal A, Nassan Mohamed A, Elsheikh Esraa
Department of Anatomy and embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharqia, Egypt.
Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Al-Sharqia, Egypt.
Open Vet J. 2025 Feb;15(2):820-826. doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i2.31. Epub 2025 Feb 28.
Cross-sectional imaging is set to become the standard method for diagnosing various pathological conditions of the urinary tract in goats, and the concept for this atlas originated from this understanding. Until now, there has not been a comprehensive comparative atlas detailing the structures of the urinary tract in goats and their relationships with other organs.
The main aim and objective of this study was to compare anatomically frozen cross-sections and detailed computed tomography (CT) images of the urinary tract, which may be used to diagnose urinary abnormalities and affections in goats.
Eight healthy adult goats () of both sexes were collected for anatomical and diagnostic examinations; average age: 15-25 ± 0.52 months and average weight: 25-35 ± 0.42 kg. The study focused on the pelvic and abdominal cavities, along with their contents and relationship with urinary organs. The examination included the analysis of bony and soft tissues using median, sagittal, and cross-anatomical sections. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to diagnostic screening by CT.
We found that both kidneys were readily distinguishable in both anatomical and CT scans as spherical to bean-shaped, but in the CT scan, the kidneys exhibited hypoechoic features with an anechoic hilus, and there was no sharp demarcation between the cortex and medulla, although the cortex was slightly denser than the medulla. In the dorsal-plane CT scan, the right ureter was positioned dorsally adjacent to the caudal vena cava, extending toward the urinary bladder. The egress of the left ureter from the left renal hilus was observed in the transverse CT image. On transverse- and dorsal plane CT, the urinary bladder may be identified at the sacrum level on the pelvic floor, located beneath the uterus and rectum. A dorsal-plane CT scan revealed the presence of the urethra exiting the urine bladder in a caudal direction.
The cross-sectional layout of CT images enables both students and clinicians to observe the anatomical connections and features of the goat urinary tract, which might not be easily seen through dissection alone. Furthermore, this atlas could serve as a helpful resource for study and clinical reference to enhance the understanding of goat urinary tract anatomy, which can ultimately help address pathological conditions.
横断面成像即将成为诊断山羊泌尿系统各种病理状况的标准方法，本图谱的概念即源于此认识。到目前为止，还没有一本全面的比较图谱详细介绍山羊泌尿系统的结构及其与其他器官的关系。
本研究的主要目的是比较泌尿系统的解剖冰冻横断面和详细的计算机断层扫描（CT）图像，这些图像可用于诊断山羊的泌尿异常和疾病。
收集8只健康成年山羊（雌雄均有）进行解剖和诊断检查；平均年龄：15 - 25 ± 0.52个月，平均体重：25 - 35 ± 0.42千克。研究重点是盆腔和腹腔，以及它们的内容物和与泌尿器官的关系。检查包括使用正中、矢状和横断解剖切片分析骨骼和软组织。随后，对标本进行CT诊断筛查。
我们发现，在解剖和CT扫描中，两个肾脏都很容易辨认，呈球形至豆形，但在CT扫描中，肾脏表现为低回声特征，肾门为无回声，皮质和髓质之间没有明显界限，尽管皮质比髓质稍致密。在背平面CT扫描中，右侧输尿管位于背侧，毗邻尾腔静脉，向膀胱延伸。在横断CT图像中观察到左侧输尿管从左肾门穿出。在横断和背平面CT上，膀胱可在盆底的骶骨水平处识别，位于子宫和直肠下方。背平面CT扫描显示尿道从膀胱向尾侧穿出。
CT图像的横断面布局使学生和临床医生都能够观察山羊泌尿系统的解剖连接和特征，而这些特征仅通过解剖可能不容易看到。此外，本图谱可作为学习和临床参考的有用资源，以增强对山羊泌尿系统解剖结构的理解，最终有助于处理病理状况。
