Mechanical characterization and constitutive law of porcine urethral tissues: a hyperelastic fiber model based on a physical approach.

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), particularly urinary incontinence (UI), represent a significant global health challenge, affecting millions of patients worldwide. The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) remains one of the most effective intervention for severe UI, with its design relying on a detailed understanding of the urethral biomechanics. Given the ethical and logistical constraints of using human tissue, porcine urethras, which share anatomical and mechanical similarities with human urethras, are widely employed in preclinical studies. This study investigates the uniaxial mechanical characterization of porcine urethral tissue under controlled conditions. Fresh porcine urethral samples were subjected to uniaxial tensile testing along both the longitudinal and circumferential directions to characterize their anisotropic mechanical properties. Experimental results were compared with existing datasets to validate findings. Additionally, conventional hyperelastic models were assessed to fit experimental results, and a novel anisotropic constitutive model with physical parameters was developed. This fiber model, which incorporates fiber modulus, volume, and orientation, uses a single set of parameters to predict behavior in both directions. It demonstrated improved accuracy, reaching the performance of the Gasser-Ogden-Holzapfel (GOH) model, with root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 9.24% and 12.98% in the circumferential and longitudinal directions, respectively. In contrast, the Yeoh and Ogden models were unable to fit both directions using a single set of parameters, yielding RMSEs values exceeding 30%. With its enhanced physical relevance, the fiber model having a more physical meaning holds promise for applications in the biomechanical analysis of fiber-composed soft tissues.