Zhang Nan, Wu Zhiyi, Wang Min
Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 21072, USA.
Graduate Program of Second Language Acquisition, School of Languages, Literatures, and Cultures, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2025 Apr 11. doi: 10.3758/s13423-025-02692-8.
Numerous studies have investigated whether phonological activation in the bilingual lexicon is selective or non-selective, using the classic masked priming paradigm that manipulates the phonological relatedness between primes and targets across two languages. The priming effects, however, are mixed: some studies reported reduced reaction times due to the homophone primes, while others observed non-significant priming. In this meta-analysis, we sought to systematically examine whether there is indeed cross-language phonological priming and to identify the factors that may moderate its magnitude. Analyzing 75 effects from 23 articles, we observed a significant, facilitative phonological priming effect (standardized mean difference Hedge's g = 0.45, SE = 0.07, p <.0001, 95% CI = [0.32, 0.58]), hence supporting the hypothesis of non-selective activation. The moderators examined included priming direction (L1-to-L2 vs. L2-to-L1), task type (lexical decision vs. word naming), script distance (within- vs. cross-script), stimulus-onset-asynchrony (SOA), inter-stimulus interval (ISI), number of participants, as well as number of items per condition. Results revealed a significant effect of task type in cross-script studies. Specifically, the word-naming task produces a smaller priming effect than the lexical decision task. Moreover, the priming effect increases as the number of items in a condition increases. These results collectively suggested that phonological activation in the bilingual lexicon is nonselective, and the effect size is dependent upon task demands and statistical power, essential to a dual-language setting and in cross-language studies.
众多研究使用经典的掩蔽启动范式，通过操纵两种语言中启动刺激与目标刺激之间的语音相关性，来探究双语词汇中的语音激活是选择性的还是非选择性的。然而，启动效应是混合的：一些研究报告称，由于同音启动刺激，反应时间缩短，而另一些研究则观察到无显著的启动效应。在这项荟萃分析中，我们试图系统地检验是否确实存在跨语言语音启动效应，并确定可能调节其大小的因素。通过分析23篇文章中的75个效应量，我们观察到显著的、促进性的语音启动效应（标准化均数差Hedge's g = 0.45，标准误 = 0.07，p <.0001，95%置信区间 = [0.32, 0.58]），从而支持了非选择性激活的假设。所检验的调节因素包括启动方向（第一语言到第二语言与第二语言到第一语言）、任务类型（词汇判断与单词命名）、文字系统距离（同一文字系统内与跨文字系统）、刺激呈现间隔（SOA）、刺激间间隔（ISI）、参与者数量以及每个条件下的项目数量。结果显示，在跨文字系统研究中，任务类型有显著影响。具体而言，单词命名任务产生的启动效应比词汇判断任务小。此外，启动效应随着一个条件下项目数量的增加而增大。这些结果共同表明，双语词汇中的语音激活是非选择性的，效应大小取决于任务要求和统计效力，这对于双语环境和跨语言研究至关重要。
