A Narrative Review of Independent Treatment Methods for ED: Assessment of the Effectiveness of Diet, Supplements, Pharmacotherapy, and Physiotherapy.

The prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) among the male population worldwide has significant ramifications for their quality of life and psychological well-being. This narrative review explores both conventional treatments, such as pharmacotherapy and surgery, and emerging approaches, including regenerative therapies, dietary interventions, physiotherapy, and vacuum erection devices (VEDs). Unlike prior reviews, this study emphasises unconventional therapies and their role in comprehensive ED management. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Medline, including studies published up to 2024. Keywords such as "ED", "pharmacotherapy", "shock wave therapy", "regenerative medicine", and "dietary interventions" were used to identify relevant studies. Eligible studies examined treatment efficacy, mechanisms, and patient outcomes. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5i) inhibitors remain the primary treatment, demonstrating effectiveness across diverse populations. Regenerative therapies, including stem cells and platelet-rich plasma (PRP), show promise, but require further validation. Surgical interventions, particularly penile prostheses, provide high patient and partner satisfaction. Non-invasive methods, including physiotherapy and dietary changes like adoption of the Mediterranean diet, improve vascular health and erectile function. The efficacy of VEDs as standalone or adjunct treatments has been demonstrated, enhancing outcomes in prosthetic surgery. A multimodal, personalised approach is essential for optimising ED treatment. Despite promising advancements, gaps remain in terms of long-term data, standardised protocols, and partner-centred outcomes. Future research should focus on large-scale, multi-centre trials and synergistic treatment approaches to improve therapeutic outcomes and patient satisfaction.