Petrova Sofiya, Stoilova Tsvetelina, Velinov Valentin, Vaseva Irina I, Simova-Stoilova Lyudmila
Institute of Plant Genetic Resources "Konstantin Malkov" (IPGR), Agricultural Academy, Druzhba 2, 4122 Sadovo, Bulgaria.
Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
Plants (Basel). 2025 Mar 24;14(7):1008. doi: 10.3390/plants14071008.
Bitter vetch ( L. Willd.) is an ancient Mediterranean legume, well adapted to dry climates, that has recently gained attention for its potential in organic farming and as a suitable source of bioactive compounds. This study analyzed the agrobiological variability of 12 bitter vetch accessions from the IPGR-Sadovo genebank in two-year field trials. Yield-related traits were recorded, and grains were assessed for protein, sugar, starch, free amino acids, phenols, and antitrypsin content. Statistical analyses included variance, correlation, cluster, principal component, and path-coefficient methods. Significant variation was observed in plant branching, pod and grain numbers, and grain weight per plant. Grain yield correlated strongly with pod number (r = 0.910**), grains per pod (r = 0.867**) and per plant (r = 0.965**), and pod size. Positive direct effects on grain yield had the traits germination-50% flowering, number of seeds per plant, height to first pod, and harvest index. An indirect impact was found for the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and seed starch content. Accessions formed four main clusters. BGR6207, B9E0168, and C3000003 showed high yield potential. C3000001, C3000003, C3000007, and C3000006 exhibited early maturity. C3E0118, C3000007, and C3000003 seeds had lower amounts of phenols. BGR13526 presented lower protein and antitrypsin but higher carbohydrate and phenol levels. Tolerance to moderate osmotic stress (150 mM NaCl or 10% Polyethylene glycol 6000) varied. BGR3052, BGR13526, and A3BM0178 were found to be resistant to both stressors, while accessions C3000001 and C3000007 were identified as sensitive to both adversities. C3000006 was determined as sensitive to salinity but resistant to drought, and BGR3051and C3000003 were relatively sensitive to drought but resistant to salinity. Root elongation and thinning were observed in half of the accessions as adaptive responses to stress. These findings highlight some of the advantages of the evaluated bitter vetch accessions for breeding and reintroduction into sustainable agricultural practices.
苦巢菜（L. Willd.）是一种古老的地中海豆科植物，非常适应干旱气候，最近因其在有机农业中的潜力以及作为生物活性化合物的合适来源而受到关注。本研究在为期两年的田间试验中分析了来自IPGR - 萨多沃基因库的12份苦巢菜种质的农业生物学变异性。记录了与产量相关的性状，并对籽粒的蛋白质、糖、淀粉、游离氨基酸、酚类和抗胰蛋白酶含量进行了评估。统计分析包括方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和通径系数分析方法。在植株分枝、荚果和籽粒数量以及单株籽粒重量方面观察到显著变异。籽粒产量与荚果数（r = 0.910**）、每荚籽粒数（r = 0.867**）和单株籽粒数（r = 0.965**）以及荚果大小密切相关。对籽粒产量有正向直接影响的性状有发芽至50%开花天数、单株种子数、第一节荚高度和收获指数。发现单株荚果数、每荚种子数和种子淀粉含量有间接影响。种质形成了四个主要聚类。BGR6207、B9E0168和C3000003表现出高产潜力。C3000001、C3000003、C3000007和C3000006表现出早熟。C3E0118、C3000007和C3000003的种子酚类含量较低。BGR13526的蛋白质和抗胰蛋白酶含量较低，但碳水化合物和酚类水平较高。对中等渗透胁迫（150 mM NaCl或10%聚乙二醇6000）的耐受性各不相同。发现BGR3052、BGR13526和A3BM0178对两种胁迫源均具有抗性，而种质C3000001和C3000007被确定为对两种逆境均敏感。C3000006被确定为对盐敏感但对干旱具有抗性，BGR3051和C3000003对干旱相对敏感但对盐具有抗性。在一半的种质中观察到根系伸长和变细是对胁迫的适应性反应。这些发现突出了所评估的苦巢菜种质在育种和重新引入可持续农业实践中的一些优势。
