Grigg Marie J, Thake C Douglas, Allgrove Judith E, Broom David R
Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, CV1 2DS, UK.
Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK.
Physiol Behav. 2025 Jul 1;296:114914. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114914. Epub 2025 Apr 10.
Cold-water immersion is a popular method typically used to reduce exercise induced muscle damage and improve health and wellbeing. Despite these benefits, there is emerging evidence to suggest the temperature of the water exposure can influence energy intake in the subsequent hours. The study aim was to investigate the influence of water temperature on energy expenditure and post-water immersion ad-libitum energy intake in resting adults. Participants with a range of body masses, but otherwise healthy and physically active males (n = 10) and females (n = 5), participated in three randomised trials in a repeated measures crossover design, with a minimum of 7-days apart. Participants were immersed to sternum level for 30-minutes in either cold-water (16 °C), thermoneutral-water (35 °C) or a no-water thermoneutral ambient air control (26 °C). Participants completed appetite related visual analogue scales throughout and were presented with an ad-libitum homogenous pasta meal and asked to eat until 'comfortably full'.
Repeated measures ANOVA showed participants consumed more energy after immersion in cold-water (2783 ± 909 kJ) versus both thermoneutral-water (1817 ± 862 kJ) and thermoneutral ambient air (1894 ± 233 kJ). There were no differences in any of the appetite VAS. Core temperature remained stable throughout the 30 min immersion period across trials, however an after-drop in core temperature was observed for 15 mins following cold-water immersion when compared to both thermoneutral water (P < 0.001), and thermoneutral air (P = 0.004). Although the exact mechanisms are yet to be elucidated, further research is required to identify if the after-drop in core temperature is a potential mechanism responsible for compensatory food intake post cold-water immersion.
When presented with an ad-libitum meal directly after cold-water immersion, participants consumed more in comparison to both thermoneutral water immersion and thermoneutral ambient air. With cold water immersion becoming popular, these findings have practical and clinical relevance for individuals' conscious about body mass management.
冷水浸泡是一种常用的方法，通常用于减少运动引起的肌肉损伤，并改善健康状况。尽管有这些益处，但越来越多的证据表明，接触水的温度会影响随后数小时内的能量摄入。本研究的目的是调查水温对静息成年人能量消耗以及冷水浸泡后随意能量摄入的影响。一系列体重但其他方面健康且身体活跃的男性（n = 10）和女性（n = 5）参与者，采用重复测量交叉设计参与了三项随机试验，试验间隔至少7天。参与者分别在冷水（16°C）、中性水温（35°C）或无水温的中性环境空气对照组（26°C）中浸泡至胸骨水平30分钟。参与者在整个过程中完成与食欲相关的视觉模拟量表，并提供一顿随意的同质意大利面餐，要求吃到“感觉舒适饱腹”。
重复测量方差分析显示，与中性水温（1817±862千焦）和中性环境空气（1894±233千焦）相比，参与者在冷水浸泡后消耗的能量更多（2783±909千焦）。在任何食欲视觉模拟量表上均无差异。在所有试验中，核心体温在30分钟的浸泡期内保持稳定，然而，与中性水温（P < 0.001）和中性空气（P = 0.004）相比，冷水浸泡后15分钟观察到核心体温出现下降。尽管确切机制尚待阐明，但需要进一步研究以确定核心体温下降是否是冷水浸泡后代偿性食物摄入的潜在机制。
冷水浸泡后直接提供随意餐时，与中性水温浸泡和中性环境空气相比，参与者摄入更多食物。随着冷水浸泡越来越流行，这些发现对于关注体重管理的个体具有实际和临床意义。
