Dehghani Leila, Fattahi Mohammad, Ashrafi-Saeidlou Sanaz
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Department of Soil and Water Research, West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran.
Sci Rep. 2025 Apr 12;15(1):12619. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96965-w.
This study investigated the morphological and phytochemical characteristics of 118 genotypes of Daucus carota L. subsp. carota, collected from natural habitats in five populations across West Azerbaijan. The main objectives were to evaluate the variability among these populations and to explore their correlations with the local climatic conditions. The ultimate goal was to identify potential candidates for domestication and contribute to pre-breeding programs. Our findings revealed notable differences in plant height (PH), which ranged from 71.96 cm to 96.08 cm, with the tallest samples originating from the Gharib Hassan population (DCP5). The number of nodes on the main branch (NNMMB) was highest in DCP3 and DCP5, with mean values of 6.44 and 6.13, respectively. Essential oil (EO) content varied among the populations, from 0.88 to 1.37 (% V/W), peaking in DCP3. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses detected 23 chemical compounds, accounting for 88.49% to 95.5% of the essential oils. The primary compounds included oxygenated sesquiterpenes (47.84% to 76.26%) and hydrocarbon monoterpenes (2.33% to 37.37%). Carotol was the dominant compound in all populations, particularly high in DCP4 (74.03%) and DCP5 (73.61%). Based on essential oil composition, populations were classified into distinct chemotypes: DCP1 as chemotype I (carotol-bornyl acetate), DCP3 as chemotype II (carotol-α-pinene), and DCP2, DCP4, and DCP5 as chemotype III (carotol content of 64.03% to 74.03%). Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between carotol and several compounds, including daucene (-0.83), β-pinene (-0.65). Among the aerial parts, DCP3 had the highest total phenolic content (54.81 mg GAE/g DW), while DCP2 and DCP3 exhibited high total flavonoid content in seeds (36.07 and 36.22 mg QE/g DW), respectively. Antibacterial activity tests showed that DCP3 and DCP5 had notable inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Using circular cluster analysis, the genotypes were categorized into three main groups based on the assessed traits, revealing greater variability in phytochemical and morphological characteristics among different populations compared to variations within individuals.
本研究调查了从西阿塞拜疆五个种群的自然栖息地收集的118个胡萝卜（Daucus carota L. subsp. carota）基因型的形态和植物化学特征。主要目的是评估这些种群之间的变异性，并探索它们与当地气候条件的相关性。最终目标是识别潜在的驯化候选品种，并为预育种计划做出贡献。我们的研究结果显示，株高（PH）存在显著差异，范围从71.96厘米到96.08厘米，最高的样本来自加里卜·哈桑种群（DCP5）。主枝上的节数（NNMMB）在DCP3和DCP5中最高，平均值分别为6.44和6.13。不同种群的精油（EO）含量有所不同，从0.88%至1.37%（体积/重量），在DCP3中达到峰值。气相色谱（GC）和气相色谱 - 质谱联用（GC - MS）分析检测到23种化合物，占精油的88.49%至95.5%。主要化合物包括氧化倍半萜（47.84%至76.26%）和烃类单萜（2.33%至37.37%）。胡萝卜醇是所有种群中的主要化合物，在DCP4（74.03%）和DCP5（73.61%）中含量尤其高。基于精油成分，种群被分为不同的化学型：DCP1为化学型I（胡萝卜醇 - 乙酸龙脑酯），DCP3为化学型II（胡萝卜醇 - α - 蒎烯），DCP2、DCP4和DCP5为化学型III（胡萝卜醇含量为64.03%至74.03%）。相关性分析显示胡萝卜醇与几种化合物之间存在显著的负相关关系，包括胡萝卜素（-0.83）、β - 蒎烯（-0.65）。在地上部分中，DCP3的总酚含量最高（54.81毫克没食子酸当量/克干重），而DCP2和DCP3在种子中的总黄酮含量分别较高（36.07和36.22毫克芦丁当量/克干重）。抗菌活性测试表明，DCP3和DCP5对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有显著的抑制作用。使用圆形聚类分析，根据评估的性状将基因型分为三个主要组，结果显示不同种群之间在植物化学和形态特征方面的变异性大于个体内部的变异。
