Holis Renata Vesela, Garcia Beate Hennie, Lehnbom Elin Christina, Fagerli Marie, Majeed Ashrak, Johnsgård Tine, Zahl-Holmstad Birgitte, Svendsen Kristian, Ofstad Eirik Hugaas, Risør Torsten, Walter Scott R, Waaseth Marit, Skjold Frode, Elenjord Renate
Hospital Pharmacy of North Norway Trust, Tromsø, Norway.
Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
BMC Emerg Med. 2025 Apr 12;25(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12873-025-01207-x.
The emergency department (ED) is a demanding work environment where nurses undertake a variety of clinical and administrative tasks, including medication-related tasks. The integration of a clinical pharmacist into the ED team represents a complex intervention with potential implications for nurses' distribution of work time, particularly concerning medication-related tasks. This study examined the distribution of work time among ED nurses and assessed the impact of a clinical pharmacist's presence on this distribution, with an emphasis on medication-related work tasks.
A direct observational time and motion study was conducted to evaluate the work time distribution of nurses in three Norwegian EDs, applying the Work Observation Method By Activity Timing (WOMBAT) methodology. Time distributions were measured for non-medication-related tasks, medication-related tasks, standby and movement, both in the absence and presence of a clinical pharmacist in the same ED.
A total of 298 h of nursing work time were observed, comprising 138 h without pharmacists present and 160 h with pharmacists present. In the absence of a pharmacist, nurses spent 62.7% of their time on non-medication-related tasks, 34.7% on standby and movement, and 3.3% on medication-related tasks. The introduction of a clinical pharmacist did not significantly change the overall distribution of nurses' work time, although some variations were noted across the EDs.
ED nurses in three Norwegian EDs dedicated only 3.3% of their work time to medication-related tasks. The presence of clinical pharmacists did not substantially affect the distribution of nurses' work time.
急诊科是一个要求苛刻的工作环境，护士要承担各种临床和行政任务，包括与用药相关的任务。临床药师融入急诊科团队是一项复杂的干预措施，可能会对护士的工作时间分配产生影响，尤其是与用药相关的任务。本研究调查了挪威急诊科护士的工作时间分配情况，并评估了临床药师的存在对这种分配的影响，重点关注与用药相关的工作任务。
采用活动定时工作观察法（WOMBAT），对挪威三个急诊科护士的工作时间分配进行了直接观察性的时间与动作研究。在同一急诊科，分别测量了临床药师不在场和在场时非用药相关任务、用药相关任务、待命和走动的时间分配情况。
共观察了298小时的护理工作时间，其中药师不在场时为138小时，药师在场时为160小时。在没有药师的情况下，护士将62.7%的时间用于非用药相关任务，34.7%用于待命和走动，3.3%用于用药相关任务。引入临床药师后，护士工作时间的总体分配没有显著变化，不过不同急诊科有一些差异。
挪威三个急诊科的护士仅将3.3%的工作时间用于用药相关任务。临床药师的存在并未对护士的工作时间分配产生实质性影响。
