Liu Yihong, Ma Qingshan, Khan Muhammad Zahoor, Wang Menghan, Xiang Fokun, Zhang Xinyue, Kou Xiyan, Li Shuhuan, Wang Changfa, Li Yan
College of Agriculture and Biology, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Efficient Breeding and Ecological Feeding of Black Donkey, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Mar 22;26(7):2892. doi: 10.3390/ijms26072892.
The growing recognition of the role of milk-derived exosomes in metabolic and immunological processes has brought attention to the potential utility of donkey milk. However, the efficacy and bioactive components of donkey milk are underexplored. This study aimed to elucidate the proteomic profiles of exosomes isolated from donkey colostrum and mature milk using advanced four-dimensional (4D) label-free quantitative proteomics. A comprehensive analysis identified and quantified a total of 2293 exosomal proteins from donkey milk, including 276 differentially expressed exosomal proteins (DEEPs). The results revealed marked proteomic differences between colostrum and mature milk exosomes, particularly in proteins associated with immune responses and metabolic pathways. Exosomal proteins derived from colostrum were found to be enriched in immune-modulatory factors and glycan-related pathways, which may contribute to the enhancement in neonatal immune system development. In contrast, exosomal proteins from mature milk were predominantly associated with metabolic processes and cellular senescence. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis further suggested that specific exosomal proteins highly expressed in colostrum could serve as nutraceutical components with potential health benefits for humans. In conclusion, this study underscores the distinct proteomic features and potential physiological roles of exosomes from donkey colostrum versus mature milk.
对源自牛奶的外泌体在代谢和免疫过程中作用的认识不断增加，这使得人们开始关注驴奶的潜在用途。然而，驴奶的功效和生物活性成分尚未得到充分研究。本研究旨在利用先进的四维（4D）无标记定量蛋白质组学阐明从驴初乳和成熟乳中分离的外泌体的蛋白质组概况。一项全面分析共鉴定并定量了来自驴奶的2293种外泌体蛋白，其中包括276种差异表达的外泌体蛋白（DEEPs）。结果显示初乳和成熟乳外泌体之间存在明显的蛋白质组差异，特别是在与免疫反应和代谢途径相关的蛋白质方面。发现源自初乳的外泌体蛋白富含免疫调节因子和聚糖相关途径，这可能有助于增强新生儿免疫系统发育。相比之下，成熟乳中的外泌体蛋白主要与代谢过程和细胞衰老相关。蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）分析进一步表明，初乳中高表达的特定外泌体蛋白可作为对人类具有潜在健康益处的营养成分。总之，本研究强调了驴初乳与成熟乳外泌体不同的蛋白质组特征和潜在生理作用。
