Disease diagnosis is not only related to individual health but is also a crucial part of public health prevention. Electrochemical biosensors combine the high sensitivity of electrochemical methods with the inherent high selectivity of biological components, offering advantages such as excellent sensitivity, fast response time, and low cost. The generated electrical signals have a linear relationship with the target analyte, allowing for identification and concentration detection. This has become a very attractive technology. This review offers a summary of recent advancements in electrochemical biosensor research for disease diagnosis in China. It systematically categorizes and summarizes biosensors developed in China for detecting cancer, infectious diseases, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, the review delves into the fundamental working principles, classifications, materials, preparation techniques, and other critical aspects of electrochemical biosensors. Finally, it addresses the key challenges impeding the advancement of electrochemical biosensors in China and examines promising future directions for their development.