In the 21st century, the demographic shift toward an aging population has posed a significant challenge, particularly with respect to age-related diseases, which constitute a major threat to human health. Accordingly, the detection, prevention, and treatment of aging and age-related diseases have become critical issues, and the introduction of novel molecular recognition elements, called aptamers, has been considered. Aptamers, a class of oligonucleotides, can bind to target molecules with high specificity. In addition, aptamers exhibit superior stability, biocompatibility, and applicability, rendering them promising tools for the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of aptamers, systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), biomarkers associated with aging, as well as aptamer-based diagnostic and therapeutic platforms. Finally, the limitations associated with predicting and preventing age-related conditions are discussed, along with potential solutions based on advanced technologies and theoretical approaches.