Plant-based traditional medicine integrates beliefs, knowledge, and practices to prevent and treat multiple diseases. is a large and worldwide-spread genus belonging to Euphorbiaceae, a family well known for comprising many species with medicinal properties due to its high diversity of phytochemical constituents with biological activities. Among the various benefits of species in traditional medicine, its use in cancer treatment has recently received significant attention from the scientific community. This review provides a general overview of different studies on the genus in the research for alternative cancer treatments and the impact of its secondary metabolite catalog on cell cycle targets. Our analysis indicates that just under 30 secondary metabolites have been identified so far in latex and extracts obtained from leaves, twigs, or bark from 22 different species. Based on standard assays using cell lines or human platelets, these molecules show multiple biological activities mainly compromising cell viability and cell cycle progression, supporting the ethnobotanical use of species for cancer treatment. Several studies indicate that metabolites target CDK-cyclin complexes and signaling routes that trigger apoptosis; however, further studies are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolites' effects and their accurate future applications in cancer treatment.