Tonello Stelvio, Vercellino Nicole, D'Onghia Davide, Fracchia Alessia, Caria Giulia, Sola Daniele, Tillio Paolo Amedeo, Sainaghi Pier Paolo, Colangelo Donato
Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
Dipartimento per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile e la Transizione Ecologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Piazza S. Eusebio 5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
Life (Basel). 2025 Apr 8;15(4):627. doi: 10.3390/life15040627.
New roles for immune cells, overcoming the classical cytotoxic response, have been highlighted by growing evidence. The immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and eosinophils, are versatile cells involved in the release of web-like DNA structures called extracellular traps (ETs) which represent a relevant mechanism by which these cells prevent microbes' dissemination. In this process, many enzymes, such as elastase, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and microbicidal nuclear and granule proteins, which contribute to the clearance of entrapped microorganisms after DNA binding, are involved. However, an overproduction and release of ETs can cause unwanted and dangerous effects in the host, resulting in several pathological manifestations, among which are chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and diabetes. In this review, we discuss the release mechanisms and the double-edged sword role of ETs both in physiological and in pathological contexts. In addition, we evaluated some possible strategies to target ETs aimed at either preventing their formation or degrading existing ones.
越来越多的证据表明，免疫细胞有了新的作用，即克服经典的细胞毒性反应。免疫细胞，如中性粒细胞、单核细胞/巨噬细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞，是多功能细胞，参与释放称为细胞外陷阱（ETs）的网状DNA结构，这是这些细胞阻止微生物传播的一种相关机制。在这个过程中，许多酶，如弹性蛋白酶、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）以及杀菌性核蛋白和颗粒蛋白都参与其中，这些酶在DNA结合后有助于清除被困的微生物。然而，ETs的过度产生和释放会在宿主体内造成不良和危险的影响，导致多种病理表现，其中包括慢性炎症性疾病、自身免疫性疾病、癌症和糖尿病。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了ETs在生理和病理情况下的释放机制以及其双刃剑作用。此外，我们评估了一些针对ETs的可能策略，旨在阻止其形成或降解已有的ETs。
