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用于虚拟现实和增强现实的可穿戴热设备的最新进展

Recent Advances in Wearable Thermal Devices for Virtual and Augmented Reality.

作者信息

Park Minsu

机构信息

Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, 152 Jukjeon-ro, Yongin 16890, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.

出版信息

Micromachines (Basel). 2025 Mar 27;16(4):383. doi: 10.3390/mi16040383.

DOI:10.3390/mi16040383
PMID:40283260
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12029164/
Abstract

Thermal technologies that effectively deliver thermal stimulation through skin-integrated systems and enable temperature perception via the activation of cutaneous thermoreceptors are key to enhancing immersive experiences in virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) through multisensory engagement. However, recent advancements and commercial adoption have predominantly focused on haptic rather than thermal technology. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in wearable thermal devices (WTDs) designed to reconstruct artificial thermal sensations for VR/AR applications. It examines key thermal stimulation parameters, including stimulation area, magnitude, and duration, with a focus on thermal perception mechanisms and thermoreceptor distribution in the skin. Input power requirements for surpassing thermal perception thresholds are discussed based on analytical modeling. Material choices for WTDs, including metal nanowires, carbon nanotubes, liquid metals, thermoelectric devices, and passive cooling elements, are introduced. The functionalities, device designs, operation modes, fabrication processes, and electrical and mechanical properties of various WTDs are analyzed. Representative applications illustrate how flexible, thin WTDs enable immersive VR/AR experiences through spatiotemporal, programmable stimulation. A concluding section summarizes key challenges and future opportunities in advancing skin-integrated VR/AR systems.

摘要

通过皮肤集成系统有效传递热刺激并通过激活皮肤热感受器实现温度感知的热技术，是通过多感官参与增强虚拟现实和增强现实（VR/AR）沉浸式体验的关键。然而，最近的进展和商业应用主要集中在触觉技术而非热技术上。本综述概述了旨在为VR/AR应用重建人工热感觉的可穿戴热设备（WTD）的最新进展。它研究了关键的热刺激参数，包括刺激面积、幅度和持续时间，重点是热感知机制和皮肤中的热感受器分布。基于分析模型讨论了超过热感知阈值所需的输入功率要求。介绍了WTD的材料选择，包括金属纳米线、碳纳米管、液态金属、热电设备和被动冷却元件。分析了各种WTD的功能、设备设计、操作模式、制造工艺以及电气和机械性能。代表性应用说明了灵活、轻薄的WTD如何通过时空可编程刺激实现沉浸式VR/AR体验。结论部分总结了推进皮肤集成VR/AR系统的关键挑战和未来机遇。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/9fa032729f93/micromachines-16-00383-g012.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/3dd6a13c939a/micromachines-16-00383-sch001.jpg
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https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/897e0944a8a8/micromachines-16-00383-g006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/804d4449561f/micromachines-16-00383-g007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/66736fd677c3/micromachines-16-00383-g008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/d2d4e0b699d2/micromachines-16-00383-g009.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/bdf5cdf1c583/micromachines-16-00383-g010.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/65d3a9cd80a0/micromachines-16-00383-g011.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/9fa032729f93/micromachines-16-00383-g012.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/3dd6a13c939a/micromachines-16-00383-sch001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/442497fb0dab/micromachines-16-00383-g001.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/e5970afdbfbf/micromachines-16-00383-g002.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/b724a4196e85/micromachines-16-00383-g003.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/a2b6318264b1/micromachines-16-00383-g004.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/955409eba5ea/micromachines-16-00383-g005.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/897e0944a8a8/micromachines-16-00383-g006.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/804d4449561f/micromachines-16-00383-g007.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/66736fd677c3/micromachines-16-00383-g008.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/d2d4e0b699d2/micromachines-16-00383-g009.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/bdf5cdf1c583/micromachines-16-00383-g010.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/65d3a9cd80a0/micromachines-16-00383-g011.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3e92/12029164/9fa032729f93/micromachines-16-00383-g012.jpg

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