Transposon-Associated Small RNAs Involved in Plant Defense in Poplar.

Utilizing high-throughput Illumina sequencing, we examined how small RNA (sRNA) profiles vary in Chinese white poplar () across two pivotal infection stages by the rust fungus : the biotrophic growth phase (T02; 48 h post infection) and the urediniospore development and dispersal phase (T03; 168 h), both essential for plant colonization and prolonged biotrophic engagement. Far exceeding random expectations, siRNA clusters predominantly arose from transposon regions, with pseudogenes also contributing significantly, and infection-stage-specific variations were notably tied to these transposon-derived siRNAs. As the infection advanced, clusters of 24 nt siRNAs in transposon and intergenic regions exhibited pronounced abundance shifts. An analysis of targets indicated that sRNAs potentially regulate 95% of genes, with pathogen effector genes showing heightened targeting by sRNAs during the biotrophic and urediniospore phases compared to controls, pointing to selective sRNA-target interactions. In contrast to conserved miRNAs across plant species, -specific miRNAs displayed a markedly greater tendency to target genes. These observations collectively highlight the innovative roles of sRNAs in plant defense, their evolutionary roots, and their dynamic interplay with pathogen coevolution.