Paipa-Jabre-Cantu Samir I, Rodriguez-Salvador Marisela, Castillo-Valdez Pedro F
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64700, Nuevo León, Mexico.
Pharmaceutics. 2025 Mar 31;17(4):445. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17040445.
Central nervous system (CNS)-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), stroke, epilepsy, and migraines are leading causes of morbidity and disability worldwide. New solutions for drug delivery are increasingly needed. In this context, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has introduced innovative alternatives to produce more efficient medicines with diverse features, patterns, and consistencies, particularly oral medications. Even though research in this area is growing rapidly, no study has thoroughly analyzed 3D printing oral drug delivery progress for the CNS. To fill this gap this study pursues to determine a technological landscape in this field. For this aim, a Competitive Technology Intelligence (CTI) methodology was applied, examining 747 publications from 1 January 2019 to 20 May 2024 published in the Scopus database. The main advances identified comprise six categories: 3D printing techniques, characteristics and applications, materials, design factors, user acceptance, and quality processes. FDM was identified as the main technique for pharmaceutical use. The main applications include pills, polypills, caplets, gel caps, multitablets, orodispersible films, and tablets, featuring external patterns and internal structures with one or more active substances. Insights show that the most utilized materials are thermoplastic polymers like PLA, PVA, PCL, ABS, and HIPS. A novel design factor involves release patterns using compartments of varying thicknesses and volumes in the core. Additionally, advances in specialized software have enabled the creation of highly complex designs. In the user acceptance category, oral drugs dosages are tailored to the specific needs and preferences of neurological patients. Finally, for the quality aspect, the precision in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) dosage and controlled-release mechanisms are critical, given the narrow margin between therapeutic doses and toxicity for CNS diseases. Revealing these advancements in 3D printing for oral drug delivery allows researchers, academics, and decision-makers to identify opportunities and allocate resources efficiently, promising enhanced oral medicaments for the health and well-being of individuals suffering from CNS disorders.
阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病等中枢神经系统（CNS）相关疾病、注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）、中风、癫痫和偏头痛是全球发病和致残的主要原因。药物递送的新解决方案的需求日益增长。在此背景下，三维（3D）打印技术引入了创新的替代方案，以生产具有多种特性、图案和稠度的更高效药物，尤其是口服药物。尽管该领域的研究发展迅速，但尚无研究对3D打印用于中枢神经系统的口服药物递送进展进行全面分析。为填补这一空白，本研究旨在确定该领域的技术概况。为此，应用了竞争技术情报（CTI）方法，研究了2019年1月1日至2024年5月20日在Scopus数据库中发表的747篇出版物。确定的主要进展包括六个类别：3D打印技术、特性与应用、材料、设计因素、用户接受度和质量流程。熔融沉积成型（FDM）被确定为主要的药用技术。主要应用包括药丸、复方药丸、胶囊、软胶囊、多片制剂、口腔崩解膜和片剂，具有带有一种或多种活性物质的外部图案和内部结构。见解表明，最常用的材料是聚乳酸（PLA）、聚乙烯醇（PVA）、聚己内酯（PCL）、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物（ABS）和高抗冲聚苯乙烯（HIPS）等热塑性聚合物。一个新颖的设计因素涉及在核心部位使用不同厚度和体积的隔室的释放模式。此外，专业软件的进步使得能够创建高度复杂的设计。在用户接受度类别中，口服药物剂量是根据神经疾病患者的特定需求和偏好量身定制的。最后，在质量方面，鉴于中枢神经系统疾病治疗剂量与毒性之间的差距很小，活性药物成分（API）剂量的精确性和控释机制至关重要。揭示3D打印用于口服药物递送的这些进展使研究人员、学者和决策者能够识别机会并有效分配资源，有望为患有中枢神经系统疾病的个人的健康和福祉提供更好的口服药物。
