Fuentes-García Juan Pedro, Leon-Llamas Juan Luis, Villafaina Santos
Grupo de Investigación Análisis Didáctico y Comportamental del Deporte (ADICODE), Departamento de Didáctica de la Expresión Musical, Plástica y Corporal, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
Instituto Universitario de Investigación e Innovación en el Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
Sensors (Basel). 2025 Apr 19;25(8):2580. doi: 10.3390/s25082580.
(1) Background: Neurofeedback (NFB) and biofeedback (BFB) have been shown to reduce stress, enhance physiological self-regulation, improve cognitive performance, and accelerate response times. Stimulating the sensorimotor rhythm (12-15 Hz) is particularly effective in improving working memory and selective attention. However, most studies on air force pilots focus on addressing post-traumatic stress disorder rather than investigating how these interventions might enhance performance and safety during flights, as explored in the present study. (2) Methods: Twelve Spanish Air Force fighter pilot trainees (mean age = 22.83 (0.94) years) participated in the study. Six pilots underwent 24 sessions of combined NFB and BFB training (experimental group), while six served as controls. (3) Results: The experimental group demonstrated improved heart rate variability during baseline, alarm sounds, math tasks, and real flights, which is indicative of greater parasympathetic modulation. A significant decrease in the Theta/SMR ratio was observed in the experimental group during the same conditions, suggesting improved focus, with lower values than the control group. Cognitive performance improved in the experimental group, with higher accuracy and a greater number of completed operations during math tasks. Regarding dual-task performance, the experimental group showed lower reaction time and a better ratio taps/reaction post-intervention. Psychological benefits included reduced cognitive, somatic, and state anxiety levels, along with increased self-confidence. (4) Conclusions: Neurofeedback and biofeedback training, integrated with real flights, simulators, and virtual reality, can enhance physiological regulation, cognitive performance, and emotional resilience, contributing to improved performance and safety in air force pilots.
(1) 背景：神经反馈（NFB）和生物反馈（BFB）已被证明可以减轻压力、增强生理自我调节能力、提高认知表现并加快反应速度。刺激感觉运动节律（12 - 15赫兹）在改善工作记忆和选择性注意力方面特别有效。然而，正如本研究中所探讨的，大多数关于空军飞行员的研究都集中在解决创伤后应激障碍上，而不是研究这些干预措施如何在飞行过程中提高表现和安全性。(2) 方法：12名西班牙空军战斗机飞行员学员（平均年龄 = 22.83（0.94）岁）参与了该研究。6名飞行员接受了24次NFB和BFB联合训练（实验组），另外6名作为对照组。(3) 结果：实验组在基线、警报声、数学任务和实际飞行期间的心率变异性有所改善，这表明副交感神经调节增强。在相同条件下，实验组的Theta/SMR比值显著降低，表明注意力得到改善，其值低于对照组。实验组的认知表现有所提高，在数学任务中准确率更高且完成的操作数量更多。关于双任务表现，实验组干预后的反应时间更短，敲击/反应比值更好。心理益处包括认知、躯体和状态焦虑水平降低，以及自信心增强。(4) 结论：与实际飞行、模拟器和虚拟现实相结合的神经反馈和生物反馈训练，可以增强生理调节、认知表现和情绪恢复力，有助于提高空军飞行员的表现和安全性。
