Tosti Beatrice, Corrado Stefano, Mancone Stefania, Di Libero Tommaso, Carissimo Chiara, Cerro Gianni, Rodio Angelo, da Silva Vernon Furtado, Coimbra Danilo Reis, Andrade Alexandro, Diotaiuti Pierluigi
Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy.
Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
Brain Sci. 2024 Oct 18;14(10):1036. doi: 10.3390/brainsci14101036.
(1) Background. Neurofeedback has been used in sports since the 1990s, frequently showing positive outcomes in enhancing athletic performance. This systematic review provides an updated analysis of neurofeedback training in sports, evaluating reaction time, cognitive performance, and emotional regulation to address literature gaps and suggest future research directions. (2) Methods. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases for articles published from January 2016 to April 2023. The search included only original articles written in English, resulting in 24 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. (3) Results. The reviewed studies cover a wide range of sports, including golf, basketball, swimming, rifle shooting, football, volleyball, athletics, judo, ice hockey, triathlon, handball, fencing, taekwondo, and darts. They involved athletes of varying experience levels (beginners, professionals, and experts) and utilized neurofeedback training targeting different frequency bands (alpha, beta, theta, and SMR), either individually or in mixed protocols. Findings show improvements in sports and cognitive performance, emotional regulation, and anxiety management. (4) Conclusions. This systematic review supports the effectiveness of neurofeedback in enhancing sports and cognitive performance across various disciplines and experience levels. Notable improvements were observed in technical skills, physical performance parameters, scoring, attention, concentration, reaction time, short-term and working memory, self-regulation, and cognitive anxiety. Future research should standardize protocols, include more diverse samples, and explore long-term effects to further validate these findings.
（1）背景。自20世纪90年代以来，神经反馈已被应用于体育运动中，在提高运动表现方面经常显示出积极的效果。本系统综述对体育运动中的神经反馈训练进行了更新分析，评估反应时间、认知表现和情绪调节，以填补文献空白并提出未来的研究方向。（2）方法。使用PubMed、Scopus、Science Direct和Web of Science数据库对2016年1月至2023年4月发表的文章进行了系统检索。检索仅包括用英文撰写的原创文章，最终有24项研究符合纳入标准。（3）结果。综述的研究涵盖了广泛的运动项目，包括高尔夫、篮球、游泳狙击步枪射击、足球、排球、田径、柔道、冰球、铁人三项、手球、击剑、跆拳道和飞镖。研究涉及不同经验水平的运动员（初学者、专业人士和专家），并采用针对不同频段（α、β、θ和SMR）的神经反馈训练，可单独使用或采用混合方案。研究结果表明，运动和认知表现、情绪调节及焦虑管理均有改善。（4）结论。本系统综述支持神经反馈在提高各学科和不同经验水平的运动及认知表现方面的有效性。在技术技能、身体表现参数、得分、注意力、专注力、反应时间、短期和工作记忆、自我调节以及认知焦虑方面均观察到显著改善。未来的研究应规范方案，纳入更多样化的样本，并探索长期影响，以进一步验证这些发现。
