Fijačko Nino, Rios Manuel Pardo, Semeraro Federico, Nadkarni Vinay M, Greif Robert
University of Maribor, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maribor, Slovenia.
Maribor University Medical Centre, Maribor, Slovenia.
Resusc Plus. 2025 Mar 27;23:100950. doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2025.100950. eCollection 2025 May.
This study aims to examine the evolution of recommendations for integrating Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) into adult Basic Life Support (BLS) education over time.
In December 2024, we conducted a two-phase search. First, we identified and reviewed publications available on the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) webpage, focusing on resuscitation education science, specifically addressing VR and/or AR in adult BLS education. In the second phase, we reviewed the references and citations of the included publication to identify relevant publications from the American Heart Association (AHA), European Resuscitation Council (ERC), and ILCOR.
Across both phases, we included 29 AHA, ERC, and ILCOR publications on resuscitation education. These comprised 16 ILCOR CoSTRs, seven AHA/ERC guidelines (four ERC, three AHA), three ILCOR scientific statements, two AHA scientific statements, and one ILCOR review. The first mention of VR appeared in 2003, but the first recommendation was provided in 2020 AHA guidelines, suggesting its use for adult BLS training based on very low-quality evidence. In 2024, the ILCOR CoSTRs issued a weak recommendation supporting AR and a weak recommendation against VR for adult BLS training, both based on very low-quality evidence.
While VR/AR is gaining traction in resuscitation training, its effectiveness remains debated. Initially focused on professionals, it now extends to laypersons and schoolchildren. However, strong evidence is lacking. Future research should assess learning outcomes, guideline adherence, and patient impact to support stronger ILCOR recommendations.
本研究旨在考察将虚拟现实（VR）和增强现实（AR）纳入成人基础生命支持（BLS）教育的建议随时间的演变情况。
2024年12月，我们进行了两阶段检索。首先，我们识别并回顾了国际复苏委员会（ILCOR）网页上的可用出版物，重点关注复苏教育科学，特别是成人BLS教育中的VR和/或AR。在第二阶段，我们回顾了纳入出版物的参考文献和引用文献，以识别来自美国心脏协会（AHA）、欧洲复苏委员会（ERC）和ILCOR的相关出版物。
在两个阶段中，我们纳入了29篇关于复苏教育的AHA、ERC和ILCOR出版物。这些包括16篇ILCOR共识声明、7篇AHA/ERC指南（4篇ERC、3篇AHA）、3篇ILCOR科学声明、2篇AHA科学声明和1篇ILCOR综述。VR首次被提及是在2003年，但首次建议是在2020年AHA指南中提出的，基于极低质量的证据建议将其用于成人BLS培训。2024年，ILCOR共识声明基于极低质量的证据，对成人BLS培训发布了一项支持AR的弱推荐和一项反对VR的弱推荐。
虽然VR/AR在复苏培训中越来越受到关注，但其有效性仍存在争议。最初主要针对专业人员，现在已扩展到普通人和学童。然而，缺乏有力证据。未来的研究应评估学习成果、指南依从性和对患者的影响，以支持ILCOR提出更强有力的建议。
