Artificial intelligence technology in ophthalmology public health: current applications and future directions.

Global eye health has become a critical public health challenge, with the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment expected to rise significantly in the coming decades. Traditional ophthalmic public health systems face numerous obstacles, including the uneven distribution of medical resources, insufficient training for primary healthcare workers, and limited public awareness of eye health. Addressing these challenges requires urgent, innovative solutions. Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated substantial potential in enhancing ophthalmic public health across various domains. AI offers significant improvements in ophthalmic data management, disease screening and monitoring, risk prediction and early warning systems, medical resource allocation, and health education and patient management. These advancements substantially improve the quality and efficiency of healthcare, particularly in preventing and treating prevalent eye conditions such as cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and myopia. Additionally, telemedicine and mobile applications have expanded access to healthcare services and enhanced the capabilities of primary healthcare providers. However, there are challenges in integrating AI into ophthalmic public health. Key issues include interoperability with electronic health records (EHR), data security and privacy, data quality and bias, algorithm transparency, and ethical and regulatory frameworks. Heterogeneous data formats and the lack of standardized metadata hinder seamless integration, while privacy risks necessitate advanced techniques such as anonymization. Data biases, stemming from racial or geographic disparities, and the "black box" nature of AI models, limit reliability and clinical trust. Ethical issues, such as ensuring accountability for AI-driven decisions and balancing innovation with patient safety, further complicate implementation. The future of ophthalmic public health lies in overcoming these barriers to fully harness the potential of AI, ensuring that advancements in technology translate into tangible benefits for patients worldwide.