Kim Jae-Hak, Kim Janghyeon, Kang Hoseok, Youn Bo-Young
Department of Fitness Promotion and Rehabilitation Exercise, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul 01022, South Korea.
Department of Style Tech, Hwasung Medi-Science University, Hwaseong-si 18274, South Korea.
J Sport Health Sci. 2025 Apr 30:101047. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101047.
Although there is growing evidence of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in sports, ethical issues surrounding AI use are being discussed at a minimal level. Thus, this systematic scoping review aimed to summarize the current ethical implications associated with using AI in sports.
In this study, a total of 9 databases-MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar-were searched. The review protocol was registered (https://osf.io/42a8q) before extracting data. The search yielded 397 studies, and 25 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
The 25 studies were categorized into 4 primary ethical concerns: fairness and bias, transparency and explainability, privacy and data ethics, and accountability in AI's application in sports. These categorizations were derived based on the systematic review of ethical issues highlighted across the selected studies. Fifteen studies delved into fairness and bias, focusing on how AI can perpetuate existing inequalities in sports. Thirteen studies addressed the lack of transparency, emphasizing the challenges in interpretability and trust in AI-driven decisions. Privacy and data ethics emerged as significant in 22 studies, highlighting risks related to the misuse of athletes' sensitive data. Finally, accountability was examined in 8 studies, stressing the ethical obligations of AI developers and users in sports contexts. The thematic analysis revealed overlapping concerns, as some studies addressed multiple issues simultaneously.
Future research should focus on developing ethical frameworks tailored to underrepresented sports contexts and creating global standards for AI regulation in sports. This includes investigating the implications of AI applications in amateur sports, enhancing diversity in AI training datasets, and exploring the integration of ethical AI practices across various sports governance structures.
尽管有越来越多的证据表明人工智能（AI）技术在体育领域得到了应用，但围绕AI使用的伦理问题却很少被讨论。因此，本系统综述旨在总结当前与体育领域使用AI相关的伦理影响。
在本研究中，共检索了9个数据库——MEDLINE/PubMed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆、ProQuest、EBSCOhost、IEEE Xplore、科学网、Scopus和谷歌学术。在提取数据之前，对综述方案进行了注册（https://osf.io/42a8q）。检索共得到397项研究，其中25项研究符合纳入和排除标准。
这25项研究分为4个主要伦理问题：公平性与偏差、透明度与可解释性、隐私与数据伦理以及AI在体育应用中的问责制。这些分类是基于对所选研究中突出的伦理问题进行系统综述得出的。15项研究深入探讨了公平性与偏差，重点关注AI如何使体育领域现有的不平等现象长期存在。13项研究涉及缺乏透明度的问题，强调了AI驱动决策的可解释性和信任方面的挑战。隐私和数据伦理在22项研究中被视为重要问题，突出了运动员敏感数据被滥用的风险。最后，8项研究探讨了问责制，强调了AI开发者和体育领域用户的伦理义务。主题分析揭示了一些重叠的问题，因为一些研究同时涉及多个问题。
未来的研究应专注于制定适合代表性不足的体育背景的伦理框架，并为体育领域的AI监管制定全球标准。这包括调查AI应用在业余体育中的影响，增加AI训练数据集的多样性，以及探索在各种体育治理结构中整合符合伦理的AI实践。
