Bolton Julie, O'Neill Lorcan, Garvan Caroline, Byrne Andrew W
Antimicrobial Resistance Section, Veterinary Medicines, Antimicrobial Resistance, Animal By Products and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Division (VMAAT), Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM), Backweston, Kildare, W23 VW2C, Ireland.
Bacteriology and Parasitology Division, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), DAFM, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, W23 VW2C, Ireland.
Porcine Health Manag. 2025 May 2;11(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s40813-025-00438-5.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human and animal pathogens remains a global One-Health threat. The associations between antimicrobial use (AMU) and the evolution and dissemination of AMR bacteria, and their resistance genes, highlight the importance of monitoring and regulating AMU. Here, we present an analysis of national monitoring data of AMU in pig facilities in Ireland from 2019 to 2023 via the recently established National AMU Database. AMU was measured using two metrics (mg per corrected population units (mg/PCU) and defined daily dose (DDDvet/PCU)). Temporal trend models were fit using regression models with population average effects given there were multiple observations per herd, while controlling for herd type and size.
Linear spline models revealed no significant change in overall usage from Q1-2019 until mid-2020, followed by a significant decrease in usage until mid-2022. There was evidence of increases in usage from mid-2022 until the end of the time series; the exact timing of the changes in trends varied by the AMU metric. A multinomial logit regression model suggested that there was a significantly decreased probability of premix use relative to oral administration from Q3-2021 through Q4-2023 (OR: 0.70 - 0.58; P < 0.03). The predicted probability that a high priority critically important antimicrobial (HPCIA) was used in a herd during a year-quarter declined by an average of 9% per quarter (OR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.90-0.92; p < 0.001) over the study period. The mean decline in use of cephalosporin (3rd /4th generation), fluoroquinolone and macrolide (a former HPCIA) per quarter were estimated to be -12% (95% CI: -8- -15%), -9% (95% CI: -8- -10%) and - 4% (95% CI: -2- -4%), respectively.
This exploration of AMU in pigs in Ireland revealed significant changes in overall usage, with both decreases and increases. There were declines in usage of HPCIA agents. Additionally, there was evidence of a significant decline in the use of oral premixes, coinciding with policy change. Further monitoring of AMU is essential to understand how the pig farming sector is responding to policy changes (e.g., increasing AMU in response to zinc oxide bans).
人类和动物病原体中的抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）仍然是全球“同一健康”面临的威胁。抗菌药物使用（AMU）与AMR细菌及其耐药基因的演变和传播之间的关联，凸显了监测和规范AMU的重要性。在此，我们通过最近建立的国家AMU数据库，对2019年至2023年爱尔兰养猪场的AMU国家监测数据进行了分析。AMU使用两个指标进行衡量（每校正种群单位毫克数（mg/PCU）和规定日剂量（DDDvet/PCU））。由于每个猪群有多个观测值，因此使用具有总体平均效应的回归模型拟合时间趋势模型，同时控制猪群类型和规模。
线性样条模型显示，从2019年第一季度到2020年年中，总体使用量没有显著变化，随后到2022年年中使用量显著下降。有证据表明，从2022年年中到时间序列结束，使用量有所增加；趋势变化的确切时间因AMU指标而异。多项logit回归模型表明，从2021年第三季度到2023年第四季度，相对于口服给药，预混剂使用的概率显著降低（比值比：0.70 - 0.58；P < 0.03）。在研究期间，一年季度内猪群使用高优先级 critically important antimicrobial（HPCIA）的预测概率平均每季度下降9%（比值比：0.91；95%置信区间：0.90 - 0.92；p < 0.001）。头孢菌素（第三代/第四代）、氟喹诺酮和大环内酯（一种以前的HPCIA）每季度使用量的平均下降估计分别为-12%（95%置信区间：-8 - -15%）、-9%（95%置信区间：-8 - -10%）和-4%（95%置信区间：-2 - -4%）。
对爱尔兰猪群AMU的这一探索揭示了总体使用量的显著变化，有降有升。HPCIA药物的使用量有所下降。此外，有证据表明口服预混剂的使用量显著下降，这与政策变化相吻合。进一步监测AMU对于了解养猪业如何应对政策变化（例如，因氧化锌禁令而增加AMU）至关重要。
