Bairagi Rahul Dev, Reon Raiyan Rahman, Hasan Md Mahbub, Sarker Sumit, Debnath Dipa, Rahman Md Tawhidur, Rahman Sinthia, Islam Md Amirul, Siddique Md Abu Talha, Bokshi Bishwajit, Rahman Md Mustafizur, Acharzo Amit Kumar
Pharmacy Discipline, School of Life Sciences, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, 9203, Bangladesh.
Discov Nano. 2025 May 3;20(1):75. doi: 10.1186/s11671-025-04234-6.
Ocular drug delivery is a significant challenge due to the intricate anatomy of the eye and the various physiological barriers. Conventional therapeutic approaches, while effective to some extent, often fall short in effectively targeting ocular diseases, resulting in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes due to factors such as poor ocular bioavailability, frequent dosing requirements, systemic side effects, and limited penetration through ocular barriers. This review elucidates the eye's intricate anatomy and physiology, prevalent ocular diseases, traditional therapeutic modalities, and the inherent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic limitations associated with these modalities. Subsequently, it delves into nanotechnology-based solutions, presenting breakthroughs in nanoformulations such as nanocrystals, liposomes, dendrimers, and nanoemulsions that have demonstrated enhanced drug stability, controlled release, and deeper ocular penetration. Additionally, it explores a range of nanosized carriers, including nano-structured lipid carriers, hydrogels, nanogels, nanoenzymes, microparticles, conjugates, exosomes, nanosuspensions, viral vectors, and polymeric nanoparticles, and their applications. Unique insights include emerging innovations such as nanowafers and transcorneal iontophoresis, which indicate paradigm shifts in non-invasive ocular drug delivery. Furthermore, it sheds light on the advantages and limitations of these nanotechnology-based platforms in addressing the challenges of ocular drug delivery. Though nano-based drug delivery systems are drawing increasing attention due to their potential to enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, the review ends up emphasizing the imperative need for further research to drive innovation and improve patient outcomes in ophthalmology.
由于眼睛复杂的解剖结构和各种生理屏障，眼部药物递送是一项重大挑战。传统的治疗方法虽然在一定程度上有效，但在有效靶向眼部疾病方面往往存在不足，由于眼部生物利用度低、给药频率高、全身副作用以及透过眼部屏障的穿透性有限等因素，导致治疗效果欠佳。本综述阐述了眼睛复杂的解剖结构和生理学、常见的眼部疾病、传统治疗方式以及与这些方式相关的固有的药代动力学和药效学局限性。随后，深入探讨了基于纳米技术的解决方案，介绍了纳米晶体、脂质体、树枝状大分子和纳米乳剂等纳米制剂的突破，这些制剂已证明具有增强的药物稳定性、控释和更深的眼部穿透性。此外，还探讨了一系列纳米载体，包括纳米结构脂质载体、水凝胶、纳米凝胶、纳米酶、微粒、缀合物、外泌体、纳米混悬液、病毒载体和聚合物纳米颗粒及其应用。独特的见解包括纳米晶片和经角膜离子电渗疗法等新兴创新，这表明无创眼部药物递送发生了范式转变。此外，还阐明了这些基于纳米技术的平台在应对眼部药物递送挑战方面的优势和局限性。尽管基于纳米的药物递送系统因其提高生物利用度和治疗效果的潜力而受到越来越多的关注，但综述最终强调了进一步研究以推动创新和改善眼科患者治疗效果的迫切需求。
