Rajesh Aparna, Sajeev Devika, R Nethish Kumaar, Rangasamy Jayakumar, C Nair Sreeja
Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India.
Polymeric Biomaterials Lab, School of Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Jun;311(Pt 2):143746. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.143746. Epub 2025 May 2.
Regenerative medicine, a rapidly advancing field, holds immense promise for restoring and revitalizing damaged tissues and organs resulting from aging, diseases, or injuries, ultimately improving patient well-being. Chondroitin Sulfate (CS), a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan, is a compelling biomaterial due to its natural origin, well-established biocompatibility, and structural complexity. Renowned for its biocompatibility, structural complexity, and varied bioactivities, CS provides significant applications beyond its recognized function in joint health and osteoarthritis treatment. Recent breakthroughs demonstrate its potential in treating complicated disorders such as interstitial cystitis, psoriasis, dry eye syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases by controlling inflammation, facilitating wound healing, and improving tissue repair. Notwithstanding its therapeutic potential, CS remains inadequately investigated in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Its capacity to modulate cellular signaling, promote extracellular matrix remodeling, and improve scaffold integration establishes it as a crucial facilitator of sophisticated therapeutic approaches. This review elucidates the progression of CS-based drug delivery systems, encompassing hydrogels, microparticles, nanoparticles, composites, and beads while underscoring their effectiveness in addressing conventional drug delivery obstacles such as non-specific targeting and off-target effects. Integrating CS into advanced platforms enables regulated drug release, accurate targeting, and enhanced cellular absorption while maintaining biodegradability and compatibility with tissue engineering scaffolds. Its inherent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating characteristics augment its attractiveness for individualized therapeutic applications. Recent studies highlight the adaptability of CS in developing multimodal drug delivery systems designed for regenerative medicine. Nonetheless, substantial deficiencies persist, especially in clinical validation and extensive applications. Overcoming these hurdles may fully realize CS's potential in transforming drug delivery, establishing a solid basis for the progression of regenerative therapies. By integrating biomaterial science with clinical medicine, CS-based systems are set to transform treatment approaches in regenerative medicine, providing precision, efficiency, and adaptability for individualized care.
再生医学是一个快速发展的领域，对于恢复和振兴因衰老、疾病或损伤而受损的组织和器官具有巨大的潜力，最终可改善患者的健康状况。硫酸软骨素（CS）是一种天然存在的糖胺聚糖，因其天然来源、良好的生物相容性和结构复杂性而成为一种引人注目的生物材料。CS以其生物相容性、结构复杂性和多种生物活性而闻名，除了在关节健康和骨关节炎治疗中已被认可的功能外，还具有重要的应用价值。最近的突破表明，它在治疗诸如间质性膀胱炎、牛皮癣、干眼症和心血管疾病等复杂疾病方面具有潜力，可通过控制炎症、促进伤口愈合和改善组织修复来实现。尽管CS具有治疗潜力，但在再生医学和组织工程中仍未得到充分研究。它调节细胞信号传导、促进细胞外基质重塑以及改善支架整合的能力使其成为复杂治疗方法的关键促进因素。本综述阐述了基于CS的药物递送系统的进展，包括水凝胶、微粒、纳米颗粒、复合材料和珠子，同时强调了它们在解决传统药物递送障碍（如非特异性靶向和脱靶效应）方面的有效性。将CS整合到先进平台中可实现药物的可控释放、精确靶向和增强的细胞吸收，同时保持生物可降解性以及与组织工程支架的相容性。其固有的抗氧化、抗炎和免疫调节特性增加了其在个性化治疗应用中的吸引力。最近的研究强调了CS在开发用于再生医学的多模式药物递送系统方面的适应性。然而，仍然存在重大缺陷，特别是在临床验证和广泛应用方面。克服这些障碍可能会充分实现CS在变革药物递送方面的潜力，为再生疗法的发展奠定坚实基础。通过将生物材料科学与临床医学相结合，基于CS的系统将改变再生医学的治疗方法，为个性化护理提供精准性、效率和适应性。
