Liaqat Zainab, Akram Sumia, Ashraf Rizwan, Kamal Muhammad Umair, Naeem Rabia, Mushtaq Muhammad
Department of Chemistry, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan.
Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore 54770, Punjab, Pakistan.
Food Technol Biotechnol. 2025 Mar;63(1):26-35. doi: 10.17113/ftb.63.01.25.8607.
Hydrodistillation is a convenient and economical method to extract essential oils, but this technique has been abandoned due to limited extraction rates. Comparison to conventional hydrodistillation, maceration-mediated hydrodistillation could increase mass transfer and provide better control over the extraction thermodynamics, thereby preserving the aroma constituents and their antioxidant activities. The present study describes a useful and innovative modification of conventional hydrodistillation by introducing a macerating agent Triton X-100 and NaCl as an electrolyte to accelerate mass transfer for better extraction of caryophyllene-rich essential oil from sea buckthorn berries.
The parameters of maceration-mediated hydrodistillation, including the mass fraction of macerating agent, electrolyte concentration and extraction time, were investigated within a wide range of 1-10 %, 1-10 g/100 mL and 3-8 h, respectively, to increase the oil yield (g/100 g). The parameters were optimized according to the desirability approach using response surface methodology. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained under optimal conditions was measured using antioxidant assays and its aroma profile using gas chromatography with mass spectrometery (GC-MS).
The optimized parameters for the modified hydrodistillation were observed at 4.22 mL Triton X-100 and 4.03 g NaCl for 5.61 h of extraction time with the essential oil yield of (3.2±0.1) % compared to 2.1 % obtained with conventional hydrodistillation. The essential oil produced by the assisted hydrodistillation was rich in (-)-β-caryophyllene (37.2 %) with good antioxidant activities in terms of free radical scavenging capacity (84.2 %), inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (68.2 %) and antioxidant capacity expressed in Trolox equivalents (168 µmol/mL).
Triton X-100 can disrupt the cell membrane to release the bioactive compounds, while the NaCl reduces the solubility of the non-polar components of the essential oil in the aqueous phase, which can ultimately improve the extraction yield. The proposed approach can be used with minor modifications with the existing hydrodistillation setups and it seems to be more economical for the extraction of sea buckthorn essential oil without compromising its antioxidant potential or its valuable aroma compounds on an industrial scale.
水蒸馏法是一种提取精油的便捷且经济的方法，但由于提取率有限，该技术已被弃用。与传统水蒸馏法相比，浸渍介导的水蒸馏法可以增加传质，并能更好地控制提取热力学，从而保留香气成分及其抗氧化活性。本研究描述了一种对传统水蒸馏法实用且创新的改进方法，即引入浸渍剂吐温X - 100和作为电解质的氯化钠，以加速传质，从而更好地从沙棘果中提取富含石竹烯的精油。
在1 - 10%、1 - 10 g/100 mL和3 - 8 h的广泛范围内，分别研究了浸渍介导的水蒸馏法的参数，包括浸渍剂质量分数、电解质浓度和提取时间，以提高出油率（克/100克）。使用响应面法根据期望函数法对参数进行优化。使用抗氧化分析方法测定在最佳条件下获得的精油的抗氧化活性，并使用气相色谱 - 质谱联用仪（GC - MS）分析其香气特征。
改进的水蒸馏法的优化参数为4.22毫升吐温X - 100和4.03克氯化钠，提取时间为5.61小时，精油产率为（3.2±0.1）%，而传统水蒸馏法的产率为2.1%。辅助水蒸馏法生产的精油富含（-）-β-石竹烯（37.2%），在自由基清除能力（84.2%）、抑制亚油酸过氧化（68.2%）和以Trolox当量表示的抗氧化能力（168微摩尔/毫升）方面具有良好的抗氧化活性。
吐温X - 100可以破坏细胞膜以释放生物活性化合物，而氯化钠降低了精油中非极性成分在水相中的溶解度，最终可以提高提取产率。所提出的方法只需对现有的水蒸馏装置进行微小修改即可使用，并且在工业规模上提取沙棘精油时，在不影响其抗氧化潜力或其有价值的香气化合物的情况下，似乎更经济。
