Pournaghdali Ali, Schwartz Bennett L, Soto Fabian A
Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, US.
Department of Psychology, Florida International University, US.
J Cogn. 2025 Apr 28;8(1):33. doi: 10.5334/joc.442. eCollection 2025.
In this study, we used a multidimensional extension of signal detection theory called general recognition theory (GRT) to evaluate the influence of tip-of-the-tongue states (TOT) and feeling-of-knowing (FOK) experiences on the metacognitive sensitivity of recognition confidence judgments. In two experiments, we asked participants to recall names of famous individuals (Experiment 1) or to recall correct answers to a series of general-knowledge questions (Experiment 2). If recall failed for any trial, participants provided metacognitive judgments of TOT and FOK, memory recognition responses, and metacognitive judgments of confidence on those recognition responses. To evaluate the influence of TOT and FOK on the metacognitive sensitivity of confidence judgments, we fit two different GRT models and constructed two sensitivity vs. metacognition curves, each representing changes in metacognitive sensitivity of confidence, as a function of the strength of TOT or FOK. The results showed that experiencing a TOT or a high FOK is associated with an increase in metacognitive sensitivity of confidence judgments. These results are the first report of influence of TOT and FOK on metacognitive sensitivity of confidence.
在本研究中，我们使用了信号检测理论的一种多维扩展，即通用识别理论（GRT），来评估舌尖状态（TOT）和知晓感（FOK）体验对识别信心判断的元认知敏感性的影响。在两项实验中，我们要求参与者回忆著名人物的名字（实验1）或回忆一系列常识问题的正确答案（实验2）。如果在任何一次试验中回忆失败，参与者需提供关于TOT和FOK的元认知判断、记忆识别反应，以及对这些识别反应的信心元认知判断。为了评估TOT和FOK对信心判断元认知敏感性的影响，我们拟合了两种不同的GRT模型，并构建了两条敏感性与元认知曲线，每条曲线都表示信心元认知敏感性的变化，作为TOT或FOK强度的函数。结果表明，经历TOT或高FOK与信心判断的元认知敏感性增加有关。这些结果是关于TOT和FOK对信心元认知敏感性影响的首次报道。
