Lifecycle carbon intensity with embodied emissions of battery and hydrogen-driven integrative low-carbon systems.

Carbon neutrality targets rely on the flexible, fast-response characteristics of batteries, and the high energy density and clean byproduct of hydrogen. However, the potential role of battery and hydrogen circular economies in the carbon neutrality transition remains uncertain. In this study, a future clean power grid and its impact on the lifecycle carbon footprint of battery and hydrogen circular economies have been predicted. A database of the lifecycle carbon footprint is set up from raw material to recycling. Additionally, a carbon intensity map of lifecycle stages of batteries and hydrogen storage across climate regions in China is provided. The proposed zero-energy paradigm is economically feasible with the obtained levelized net present value ranging from 0.0119 US$ per kWh (Kunming) to 0.0574 US$ per kWh (Guangzhou). The findings aim to clarify the role of battery and hydrogen circular economies in the carbon neutrality transition and provide a comprehensive analysis of hydrogen and battery technologies for policy decision-makers.