Fifer James E, Amoa-Bosompem Michael, Nelson Dvorah, Terner Eleanor R, Clifford Amel J, Tan Skylar, Rose Noah H
Department of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, School of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Department of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, School of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Curr Opin Insect Sci. 2025 Aug;70:101384. doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2025.101384. Epub 2025 May 8.
As urbanization accelerates around the world, mosquitoes that are capable of surviving and thriving in urban habitats increasingly spread mosquito-borne diseases. Across the >3500 known species of mosquitoes, only a few rapidly adapted to the novel (on an evolutionary timescale) urban environments. In this review, we highlight several emerging themes and testable hypotheses from recent literature. First, apparent urban adaptations can be roughly divided into newer adaptations arising in an urban context and exaptations - traits that evolved in a different context, before modern urbanization. Second, variants involved in urban adaptation are often partitioned among species complexes and cryptic lineages, and the history of gene flow-selection balance may be related to the evolution of compact genomic architectures that could facilitate rapid urban adaptation. Third, urban adaptation often has consequences for vectorial capacity - the ability of mosquitoes to serve as effective vectors of a particular pathogen - though the selective drivers and genetic mechanisms underlying these differences are incompletely understood. To fully understand urban adaptation in mosquitoes, we advocate for a coordinated effort to increase linkages between evolutionary ecology, population genomics, and medical entomology research. We discuss the two traits for which all three perspectives are the most developed - host preference and insecticide resistance - before reviewing several other less studied traits.
随着全球城市化进程的加速，能够在城市栖息地生存和繁衍的蚊子越来越多地传播蚊媒疾病。在已知的3500多种蚊子中，只有少数几种（从进化时间尺度来看）迅速适应了新出现的城市环境。在这篇综述中，我们强调了近期文献中的几个新出现的主题和可验证的假设。首先，明显的城市适应性大致可分为在城市环境中出现的新适应性和预适应——即在现代城市化之前在不同环境中进化而来的特征。其次，参与城市适应的变异通常分布在物种复合体和隐存谱系之间，基因流-选择平衡的历史可能与紧凑基因组结构的进化有关，这种结构可能有助于快速的城市适应。第三，城市适应通常会对媒介能力产生影响——即蚊子作为特定病原体有效传播媒介的能力——尽管这些差异背后的选择驱动因素和遗传机制尚未完全了解。为了全面了解蚊子的城市适应，我们主张进行协调努力，以加强进化生态学、群体基因组学和医学昆虫学研究之间的联系。在回顾其他几个研究较少的特征之前，我们讨论了进化生态学、群体基因组学和医学昆虫学这三个视角都研究得最为深入的两个特征——宿主偏好和抗药性。
