Shi Juanjuan, Lu Rui, Tian Yan, Wu Fengping, Geng Xiaozhen, Zhai Song, Jia Xiaoli, Dang Shuangsuo, Wang Wenjun
Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, China.
BMC Public Health. 2025 May 13;25(1):1758. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-22987-8.
People with long COVID report prolonged, multisystem involvement and significant disability. This study aimed to determine long COVID prevalence and factors associated with it among US adults using nationally representative data.
This cross-sectional analysis utilized data from 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, a nationally representative telephone survey conducted among noninstitutionalized adults aged ≥ 18 years residing in the United States. Age-adjusted prevalence of long COVID was calculated using weighted survey analysis. Poisson regression was employed to assess adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) associated with long COVID across various demographic, socioeconomic and health-related characteristics.
Among 390,233 participants, 120,178 reported COVID-19, with 25,582 experiencing long COVID. Age-adjusted prevalence of self-reported COVID-19 and long COVID were estimated at 34.1% (95% CI, 33.7-34.4%) and 7.2% (95% CI, 7.0-7.4%) as of 2022, respectively. Among adults reporting COVID-19, 20.9% (95% CI, 20.5-21.4%) had ever experienced long COVID. An inverted U-shaped association was observed between long COVID risk and age, with the highest prevalence (23.5%) in the 45-54 age group. Long COVID was more prevalent among women (aPR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.34-1.47]), individuals without a spouse (aPR, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.00-1.13]), uninsured (aPR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.06-1.27]), and those with a high school education (aPR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.12-1.23]), cardiovascular disease (aPR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.09-1.25]), depressive disorder (aPR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.34-1.48]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aPR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.24-1.43]), asthma (aPR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.21-1.35]), and kidney disease (aPR, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.01-1.21]). Long COVID was less prevalent among non-Hispanic Black (aPR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.81-0.95]), students (aPR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.76-0.99]) or retired individuals (aPR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.82-0.98]), and those with household incomes ≥$100,000 (aPR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.79-0.92]).
Long COVID affects 7.2% of US adults, with higher vulnerability among women, middle-aged individuals, White individuals, socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, and those with chronic conditions. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health strategies to address disparities in long COVID burden and support high-risk populations.
长期新冠患者报告称存在症状持续、多系统受累及严重残疾的情况。本研究旨在利用具有全国代表性的数据，确定美国成年人中长新冠的患病率及其相关因素。
本横断面分析使用了2022年行为危险因素监测系统调查的数据，该调查是一项对居住在美国的年龄≥18岁的非机构化成年人进行的具有全国代表性的电话调查。采用加权调查分析计算长新冠的年龄调整患病率。采用泊松回归评估不同人口统计学、社会经济和健康相关特征与长新冠相关的调整患病率比（aPR）。
在390,233名参与者中，120,178人报告感染过新冠病毒，其中25,582人出现长新冠症状。截至2022年，自我报告感染新冠病毒和长新冠的年龄调整患病率分别估计为34.1%（95%CI，33.7 - 34.4%）和7.2%（95%CI，7.0 - 7.4%）。在报告感染新冠病毒的成年人中，20.9%（95%CI，20.5 - 21.4%）曾经历过长新冠。长新冠风险与年龄之间呈倒U形关联，45 - 54岁年龄组的患病率最高（23.5%）。长新冠在女性中更为普遍（aPR，1.40 [95%CI，1.34 - 1.47]）、没有配偶的个体中（aPR，1.06 [95%CI，1.00 - 1.13]）、未参保者中（aPR，1.16 [95%CI，1.06 - 1.27]）、具有高中学历者中（aPR，1.17 [95%CI，1.12 - 1.23]）、患有心血管疾病者中（aPR，1.17 [95%CI，1.09 - 1.25]）、患有抑郁症者中（aPR，1.41 [95%CI，1.34 - 1.48]）、患有慢性阻塞性肺疾病者中（aPR，1.33 [95%CI，1.24 - 1.43]）、患有哮喘者中（aPR，1.28 [95%CI，1.21 - 1.35]）以及患有肾脏疾病者中（aPR，1.11 [95%CI，1.01 - 1.21]）更为普遍。长新冠在非西班牙裔黑人中（aPR，0.87 [95%CI，0.81 - 0.95]）、学生中（aPR，0.87 [95%CI，0.76 - 0.99]）或退休人员中（aPR，0.89 [95%CI，0.82 - 0.98]）以及家庭收入≥10万美元的人群中（aPR，0.85 [95%CI，0.79 - 0.92]）更为少见。
长新冠影响7.2%的美国成年人，女性、中年人、白人、社会经济弱势群体以及患有慢性病的人群更容易感染。这些发现强调了需要制定有针对性的公共卫生策略，以解决长新冠负担方面的差异，并为高危人群提供支持。
