Genome-Wide Identification and Classification of Arabinogalactan Proteins Gene Family in Species and Increases Numbers of Epidermal Hairs in .

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) constitute a diverse class of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins implicated in various aspects of plant growth and development. However, their functional characterization in cotton ( spp.) remains limited. As a globally significant economic crop, cotton serves as the primary source of natural fiber, making it essential to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying its growth and development. This study aims to perform a comprehensive genome-wide identification and characterization of the AGP gene family in spp., with a particular focus on elucidating their structural features, evolutionary relationships, and functional roles. A genome-wide analysis was conducted to identify AGP genes in spp., followed by classification into distinct subfamilies based on sequence characteristics. Protein motif composition, gene structure, and phylogenetic relationships were examined to infer potential functional diversification. Subcellular localization of a key candidate gene, , was determined using fluorescent protein tagging, while gene expression patterns were assessed through β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter assays. Additionally, hormonal regulation of was investigated via treatments with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and gibberellin (GA). A total of 220 AGP genes were identified in spp., comprising 19 classical AGPs, 28 lysine-rich AGPs, 55 AG peptides, and 118 fasciclin-like AGPs (FLAs). Structural and functional analyses revealed significant variation in gene organization and conserved motifs across subfamilies. Functional characterization of , an ortholog of AGP18 in , demonstrated its role in promoting epidermal hair formation in leaves and stalks. Subcellular localization studies indicated that is targeted to the nucleus and plasma membrane. GUS staining assays revealed broad expression across multiple tissues, including leaves, inflorescences, roots, and stems. Furthermore, hormonal treatment experiments showed that expression is modulated by MeJA, ABA, IAA, and GA, suggesting its involvement in hormone-mediated developmental processes. This study presents a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the AGP gene family in cotton, providing new insights into their structural diversity and functional significance. The identification and characterization of highlight its potential role in epidermal hair formation and hormonal regulation, contributing to a deeper understanding of AGP functions in cotton development. These findings offer a valuable genetic resource for future research aimed at improving cotton growth and fiber quality through targeted genetic manipulation.