Pustički Daniel, Alar Željko, Bandov Zvonimir
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Materials (Basel). 2025 Apr 28;18(9):1999. doi: 10.3390/ma18091999.
The advancement of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, particularly laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), has enabled the production of complex components with enhanced mechanical properties and shorter lead times compared to conventional manufacturing processes. This study focuses on the characterization of maraging steel (EOS MS1) fabricated by LPBF technology using an EOS M 290 system. Three material groups were investigated: a conventionally manufactured tool steel (95MnWCr5) serving as a reference, LPBF-produced maraging steel in the as-built condition, and LPBF-produced maraging steel subjected to post-processing heat treatment. The samples were thoroughly examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), electrochemical corrosion analyses in a 3.5% NaCl solution, and Vickers microhardness measurements. Electrochemical tests revealed that heat-treated LPBF maraging steel samples exhibited slightly increased corrosion current densities relative to their as-built counterparts, attributed to the formation of Ti-rich and Ni-rich precipitates during aging, creating localized microgalvanic cells. Despite the increased corrosion susceptibility, hardness measurements clearly demonstrated enhanced hardness and mechanical properties in heat-treated samples compared to the as-built state and conventional tool steel reference. The findings underscore the importance of optimized LPBF parameters and controlled post-processing heat treatments in balancing mechanical performance and corrosion resistance. Consequently, LPBF-produced maraging steels hold considerable promise for tooling and industrial applications where high strength, dimensional stability, and acceptable corrosion behavior are required.
增材制造（AM）技术的进步，尤其是激光粉末床熔融（LPBF）技术，与传统制造工艺相比，能够生产出具有增强机械性能且交货时间更短的复杂部件。本研究聚焦于使用EOS M 290系统通过LPBF技术制造的马氏体时效钢（EOS MS1）的表征。研究了三组材料：一种作为参考的传统制造工具钢（95MnWCr5）、LPBF制造的原始状态马氏体时效钢以及经过后处理热处理的LPBF制造的马氏体时效钢。使用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散X射线光谱仪（EDS）、辉光放电光发射光谱仪（GDOES）、在3.5%氯化钠溶液中进行的电化学腐蚀分析以及维氏显微硬度测量对样品进行了全面检查。电化学测试表明，相对于原始状态的样品，经过热处理的LPBF马氏体时效钢样品的腐蚀电流密度略有增加，这归因于时效过程中形成了富钛和富镍沉淀物，从而产生了局部微电池。尽管腐蚀敏感性增加，但硬度测量清楚地表明，与原始状态和传统工具钢参考相比，热处理样品的硬度和机械性能有所增强。研究结果强调了优化LPBF参数和控制后处理热处理在平衡机械性能和耐腐蚀性方面的重要性。因此，LPBF制造的马氏体时效钢在需要高强度、尺寸稳定性和可接受腐蚀行为的工具和工业应用中具有相当大的潜力。
