Zhu Song, Chen Wenduo, Temel Tugba, Wang Fakun, Xu Xiaodong, Duan Ruihuan, Wu Tingting, Mao Xuan, Yan Congliao, Yu Jianbo, Wang Chongwu, Jin Yuhao, Cui Jieyuan, Li Jinghao, Hu Dora Juan Juan, Liu Zheng, Murray Robert T, Luo Yu, Wang Qi Jie
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore, Singapore.
National Key Laboratory of Microwave Photonics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China.
Sci Adv. 2025 May 16;11(20):eadt3772. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adt3772. Epub 2025 May 14.
Black phosphorus (BP), with a mid-infrared (MIR) bandgap of 0.34 eV, presents itself as a promising material for MIR nonlinear optical applications. We report the realization of MIR third-harmonic generation (THG) in both BP and BP-hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces (BPM). BP exhibits a high third-order nonlinear susceptibility ([Formula: see text]) exceeding 10 m/V in the MIR region with a maximum value of 1.55 × 10 m/V at 5000 nm. The BP flake achieves a THG conversion efficiency of 1.4 × 10, surpassing that of other 2D materials by over one order of magnitude. To further enhance this nonlinear performance, a BPM is designed and fabricated to achieve a two-order-of-magnitude enhancement in THG, leading to a record conversion efficiency of 6.5 × 10, exceeding the performance of previously reported metasurfaces by more than one order of magnitude. These findings establish BP as a promising platform for next-generation MIR nonlinear optical devices.
黑磷（BP）具有0.34电子伏特的中红外（MIR）带隙，是一种很有前景的用于中红外非线性光学应用的材料。我们报告了在BP和BP混合等离子体超表面（BPM）中实现中红外三次谐波产生（THG）的情况。BP在中红外区域表现出超过10 m/V的高三阶非线性极化率（[公式：见正文]），在5000纳米处的最大值为1.55×10 m/V。BP薄片实现了1.4×10的THG转换效率，比其他二维材料高出一个多数量级。为了进一步提高这种非线性性能，设计并制造了一种BPM，以实现THG增强两个数量级，从而达到创纪录的6.5×10的转换效率，比先前报道的超表面性能高出一个多数量级。这些发现确立了BP作为下一代中红外非线性光学器件的一个有前景的平台。
