Panova Anastasia S, Kolosova Natalia P, Svyatchenko Svetlana V, Goncharova Natalia I, Danilenko Alexey V, Boldyrev Nikita D, Shadrinova Kiunnei N, Vasiltsova Natalia N, Egorova Marina L, Onkhonova Galina S, Gudymo Andrey S, Bragina Maria K, Ryzhikov Alexander B, Marchenko Vasiliy Yu
FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia.
Sci Rep. 2025 May 14;15(1):16773. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-00417-4.
Thousands of outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in birds and an increasing number of mammal infections are registered annually. In 2023, multiple avian influenza outbreaks were registered among wild birds, poultry and seals in Russia. The genetic characterization of seventy-seven avian viruses and three viruses from seals showed that they belonged to the 2.3.4.4b clade and represented four distinct reassortant genotypes. The majority of viruses represented genotype BB, which was widespread in Europe in 2023. Viruses from seals and four viruses from birds, isolated from outbreaks in the Far East region, belonged to the G1 (A3) genotype and had the amino acid substitution N319K in the NP protein, previously associated with an increased virulence for mammals. In addition, one virus of the G10 genotype and two viruses, representing a previously undescribed genotype (designated as Ru-23-G4) were identified. The viruses analyzed showed normal inhibition by neuraminidase inhibitors. Seven viruses had genetic markers of amantadine resistance. All the influenza A(H5N1) viruses studied showed a binding preference for α2-3-linked sialic acids, suggesting a low risk of transmission among humans. Nevertheless, monitoring of reassortment and mammalian adaptation mutations is essential for the timely identification of viruses with increased pandemic potential.
每年都有数千起高致病性甲型禽流感病毒（H5N1）在鸟类中的疫情爆发，以及越来越多的哺乳动物感染病例被记录。2023年，俄罗斯野生鸟类、家禽和海豹中出现了多起禽流感疫情。对77株禽流感病毒和3株海豹病毒的基因特征分析表明，它们属于2.3.4.4b分支，代表四种不同的重配基因型。大多数病毒属于BB基因型，该基因型在2023年的欧洲广泛传播。来自海豹的病毒以及从远东地区疫情中分离出的4株鸟类病毒属于G1（A3）基因型，其核蛋白（NP）中存在氨基酸替换N319K，此前认为该替换与对哺乳动物的毒力增强有关。此外，还鉴定出1株G10基因型病毒和2株代表此前未描述基因型（命名为Ru-23-G4）的病毒。所分析的病毒对神经氨酸酶抑制剂表现出正常的敏感性。7株病毒具有金刚烷胺抗性的基因标记。所有研究的甲型禽流感病毒（H5N1）均显示对α2-3连接的唾液酸具有结合偏好，这表明人际传播风险较低。尽管如此，监测重配和哺乳动物适应性突变对于及时识别具有大流行潜力增加的病毒至关重要。
