Sweet Nathan M, Lunderberg David M, Molinier Betty, Pfannerstill Eva Y, Katz Erin F, Misztal Pawel K, Liu Yingjun, Arata Caleb, Kristensen Kasper, Tian Yilin, Nazaroff William W, Goldstein Allen H
Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2025 May 27;59(20):10022-10031. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c11274. Epub 2025 May 14.
Cleaning activities can affect indoor air composition long after the cleaning is completed. Utilizing data from detailed observational monitoring campaigns, conducted over 21 weeks, we explore the influence of cleaning activities in two normally occupied, single-family houses. To study emissions and chemistry, we quantified more than 200 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using a proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer and 52 semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) using a semivolatile thermal-desorption gas chromatograph. During regular professional home cleaning, we observed postcleaning concentration enhancements in ∼60% of measured VOCs and ∼80% of measured SVOCs. Most of these concentration enhancements were not clearly linked to either primary emission from cleaning products or secondary formation through reactive chemistry. Instead, we infer that shifts in the sorptive properties of indoor surfaces account for most of these observations. Cleaning-associated enhancements mostly ebbed within a few hours, with some VOCs and lower-volatility SVOCs persisting more than 5 h, longer than would be expected for removal of inert species by ventilation. The use of carpet cleaner was associated with direct emission of 2-butoxyethanol, which persisted at elevated concentrations for days after the initial event. Home cleaning is potentially relevant for the health of professional cleaners and residents.
清洁活动结束很久之后，仍会影响室内空气成分。利用在21周内开展的详细观测监测活动所获取的数据，我们探究了清洁活动对两座正常居住的独栋房屋的影响。为研究排放情况和化学性质，我们使用质子转移反应飞行时间质谱仪对200多种挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）进行了量化，并使用半挥发性热脱附气相色谱仪对52种半挥发性有机化合物（SVOCs）进行了量化。在定期的专业家庭清洁过程中，我们观察到，在测量的VOCs中，约60%以及测量的SVOCs中，约80%在清洁后浓度有所升高。这些浓度升高大多与清洁产品的一次排放或通过反应化学的二次形成没有明显关联。相反，我们推断室内表面吸附特性的变化是造成这些现象的主要原因。与清洁相关的浓度升高大多在几小时内消退，一些VOCs和低挥发性SVOCs的持续时间超过5小时，比通过通风去除惰性物质的预期时间更长。使用地毯清洁剂与2-丁氧基乙醇的直接排放有关，在初始事件发生后的数天里，该物质浓度一直居高不下。家庭清洁可能会对专业清洁人员和居民的健康产生影响。
