Timperio Anna, Duncan Scott, Akram Muhammad, Molina-García Javier, Van Dyck Delfien, Barnett Anthony, Salonna Ferdinand, Rm Anjana, Sallis James F, Vorlíček Michal, Hinckson Erica, Cain Kelli L, Conway Terry L, Wan Muda Wan Abdul Manan, Moran Mika, Oyeyemi Adewale L, Pizarro Andreia, Reis Rodrigo S, Rezwan Sheikh Muhammad, Schipperijn Jasper, Cerin Ester
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2025 May 15;22(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s12966-025-01738-3.
Studies of correlates of active transport to and from school (ATS) focus mainly on children, have a limited conceptualisation of ATS trips, lack heterogeneity in built environments, and rarely consider effect modifiers. This study aimed to estimate associations of parent-perceived neighbourhood environment characteristics with self-reported ATS among adolescents from 14 countries, and whether associations differ by sex, city/region, and distance to school.
Observational cross-sectional design. Data were from the International Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN) Adolescent study and included 6302 adolescents (mean age 14.5 ± 1.7 years, 54% girls) and a caretaker from 16 diverse sites. Adolescents self-reported usual travel to and from school by walking and bicycling (days/week) and time it would take to walk. Parents completed the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (13 scores computed). Generalised additive mixed models estimated associations of parent neighbourhood perceptions with 1) any active transport to/from school, 2) regular walking (5-10 times/week), 3) regular cycling to/from school, and 4) profiles of ATS generated using latent profile analyses. Interactions were also explored.
Overall, 58.7% reported any ATS, 39.9% regularly walked, 7.7% regularly cycled, and four profiles of ATS were identified: walk to and from school; walk from school; cycle to and from school; no ATS. Distance to school was negatively associated with all outcomes, though evidence was weak for regular cycling to/from school. Land use mix - diversity was positively related to all ATS outcomes except those related to cycling. Accessibility and walking facilities were associated with higher odds of any ATS, regular walking to/from school, and the profile walking to and from school. Residential density was negatively related to regular cycling to/from school. Positive associations were observed between traffic safety and any ATS, and between safety from crime, aesthetics, and odds of regular cycling to/from school. Distance to school, adolescent sex, and city moderated several associations.
Parent perceptions of compact, mixed-use development, walking facilities, and both traffic and crime-related safety were important supportive correlates of a range of ATS outcomes among adolescents in high- and low-middle-income countries. Policies that achieve these attributes should be prioritised to support more widespread ATS.
往返学校的主动交通（ATS）相关因素的研究主要聚焦于儿童，对ATS出行的概念化有限，建筑环境缺乏异质性，且很少考虑效应修饰因素。本研究旨在估计14个国家青少年的家长感知邻里环境特征与自我报告的ATS之间的关联，以及这些关联是否因性别、城市/地区和距离学校的远近而有所不同。
采用观察性横断面设计。数据来自国际身体活动与环境网络（IPEN）青少年研究，包括来自16个不同地点的6302名青少年（平均年龄14.5±1.7岁，54%为女孩）及其一名监护人。青少年自我报告通常步行和骑自行车往返学校的情况（每周天数）以及步行所需时间。家长完成青少年邻里环境适宜步行量表（计算13个得分）。广义相加混合模型估计家长对邻里环境的感知与以下方面的关联：1）任何往返学校的主动交通；2）经常步行（每周5 - 10次）；3）经常骑自行车往返学校；4）使用潜在剖面分析生成的ATS概况。还探讨了交互作用。
总体而言，58.7%的人报告有任何ATS，39.9%的人经常步行，7.7%的人经常骑自行车，并且确定了四种ATS概况：步行往返学校；从学校步行；骑自行车往返学校；无ATS。距离学校远近与所有结果均呈负相关，不过对于经常骑自行车往返学校的证据较弱。土地利用混合 - 多样性与除与骑自行车相关的所有ATS结果均呈正相关。可达性和步行设施与任何ATS、经常步行往返学校以及步行往返学校的概况的较高几率相关。居住密度与经常骑自行车往返学校呈负相关。交通安全与任何ATS之间以及犯罪安全、美观与经常骑自行车往返学校的几率之间观察到正相关。距离学校远近、青少年性别和城市调节了若干关联。
家长对紧凑的、混合用途开发、步行设施以及交通和犯罪相关安全的感知是高收入和中低收入国家青少年一系列ATS结果的重要支持性相关因素。应优先制定实现这些属性的政策，以支持更广泛的ATS。
