Hydrothermal synthesis and structural optimization of BiO/BiWO nanocomposites for synergistic photodegradation of Indigo Carmine dye.

Future research directions aim to optimize the efficiency and sustainability of bismuth-based semiconductors for environmental remediation. In this study, potent BiO/BiWO composites were synthesized via a facile in situ hydrothermal-assisted impregnation of Bi onto WO nano-substrate. Comprehensive characterization using HR-TEM, SEM-EDX, PXRD, XPS, FTIR, PL, and DRS confirmed the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized materials. The optimized BiO/BiWO heterojunction exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible-light (λ > 350 nm) compared to pristine BiO and WO, effectively degrading Indigo Carmine (IC) dye. The UV-Vis spectroscopy and chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyses validated the degradation efficiency. A detailed photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on trapping experiments, band position calculations, and photoluminescence measurements. Furthermore, the fabricated nanocomposites demonstrated excellent stability and recyclability, highlighting their potential for environmental remediation. This study provides a promising strategy for designing efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for wastewater treatment.